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Blunting Effect
Boring
Carving
Comments
Common Names
Common Uses
Countries of Distribution
Cutting Resistance
Distribution Overview
Drying Defects
Ease of Drying
Environmental Profile
Family Name
Gluing
Grain
Heartwood Color
Kiln Drying Rate
Kiln Schedules
Light-Induced Color Change
Luster
Mortising
Moulding
Movement in Service
Nailing
Natural Durability
Natural Growth Defects
Numerical Data
Odor
Painting
Planing
Polishing
Product Sources
References
Regions of Distribution
Resistance to Impregnation
Response to Hand Tools
Routing & Recessing
Sanding
Sapwood Color
Scientific Name
Screwing
Staining
Steam Bending
Strength Properties
Substitutes
Texture
Toxicity
Trade Name
Tree Identification
Tree Size
Turning
Varnishing
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Common Names
A koura, Aba, African oak, Akoga, Akogka, Akogo, Akpakpla, Asore, Azobe, Bakundu, Bankile, Belengbe, Bokoka, Bongossi, Bonkole, Eba, Ebba, Ekki, Eleba, Endui, Endwi, Enwan, Esire, Esore, Faboy, Gue, Hendui, Ipawhaw, Ironpost, K'deng, Kaku, Kekrefunde, Kokank, Kotublassu, Kunu, Kyere, Kyirafunti, Kyirebente, Lihos, Liku, Malah, Meni oil tree, N'goule, Namijin-kadai, Ngohou ibenga, Ngokele, Nokue, Okikopom, Okoa, Okoga, Okoka, Okut, Oteng, Otugba, Ozobe, Parapara, Plu, Pone, Prenkebi, Red ironwood, Red oak, Umawerek, Umpenek, Yasua
Regions of Distribution
Africa
Countries of Distribution
[VIEW MAP]
Cameroon, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Zaire
Common Uses
Agricultural implements, Boat building (general), Bridge beams, Bridge construction, Bridge joists, Charcoal, Crossties, Decks, Dockwork, Domestic flooring, Flooring, Flooring: industrial heavy traffic, Fuelwood, Harbor work, Heavy construction, Joinery (external): ground contact, Joinery, Light construction, Marine construction, Mine timbers, Parquet flooring, Piling, Posts, Railroad ties, Sporting Goods, Sub-flooring, Tables, Truck bodies, Turnery, Vats, Vehicle parts, Wharf construction
Environmental Profile
| Data source is World Conservation Monitoring Center |
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Ekki is secure within its natural growth range in the Ivory Coast and the Congo, but it is officially classified as Vulnerable in Cameroon. Its status in the wild is currently listed as unknown because of insufficient information in Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, and Zaire
Distribution Overview
Azobé is found in Cameroon, the Congo Basin, Côte d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, and Zaire. It grows in evergreen and moist deciduous forests, in freshwater swamp forests and close to river banks. Although this species has a definite preference for wet evergreen areas, it is assumed to be sensitive to non-evergreen forest soils and is unsuccessful on rocky soils. L. alata is a pioneer species and is representative of a disturbed forest. It is also sensitive to drought
Heartwood Color
| Brown |
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| Yellow |
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| Red |
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| Green/grey |
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| Orange |
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| Dark brown |
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| Reddish brown |
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| Purple |
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| Brown |
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| Dark brown |
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| Red |
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The heartwood is dark red or deep chocolate brown, sometimes with purple highlights
Sapwood Color
| White |
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| Yellow |
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| Pinkish |
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| Clearly differentiated from the heartwood |
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| Paler than heartwood |
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| Pale pink |
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Grain
| Interlocked |
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| Even |
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| Figure |
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| Straight |
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| Mottle |
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| Interlocked |
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| Straight |
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| Mottled or streaked figure sometimes |
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The interlocked grain yields a ribbon figure on radial surfaces. Conspicuous white deposits in pores, give tangential surfaces a speckled appearance
Texture
| Medium |
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| Coarse |
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| Uneven |
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| Medium |
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Luster
Natural Growth Defects
| Whitish deposits in vessels |
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| Yellowish deposits in vessels |
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Natural Durability
| Susceptible to insect attack |
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| Very durable |
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| Non-resistant to powder post beetles |
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| Moderately durable |
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| Durable |
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| Perishable |
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| Non-resistant to termites |
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| Non-durable |
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| Non-resistant to marine borers |
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| Very durable |
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| Resistant to attack from marine borers |
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| Moderately resistant to termite (Isoptera) attack |
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| Resistant to attack from termites (Isoptera) |
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| Resistant to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles |
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| Durable |
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| Susceptible to marine borer attack |
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| Susceptible to attack from termites (Isoptera) |
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| Resistant to attack from pinworms (ambrosia beetles) |
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| Pinworms (ambrosia beetles) are commonly present |
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The heartwood is very resistant to decay. It is moderately resistant to termite attack in West Africa, and resistant to teredo attack. Ekki has very good weathering characteristics, and is also resistant to acids
Odor
| No specific smell or taste |
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Light-Induced Color Change
Toxicity
Kiln Schedules
| Dry at a slow speed |
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| Kiln Drying Rate (in days) is slow |
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Drying Defects
| Severe end splitting |
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| Severe surface checking |
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| Moderate surface checking |
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| Moderate end spitting |
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| Distortion (twist/warp) is likely |
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The wood is extremely refractory. It is suggested that the wood be piled very carefully.
Ease of Drying
| Fairly Easy |
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| Rapidly |
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| Slowly |
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| Difficult |
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| Dries slowly |
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Kiln Drying Rate
| Naturally dries slowly |
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| Naturally dries quickly |
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| Slow (18-28 days for boards < 32 mm, to 52-84 days for boards >= 63 mm) |
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Tree Identification
| Bole/stem form is not buttressed |
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| Bole/stem form is buttressed |
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| Bole/stem form is straight |
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| Bole/stem form is cylindrical |
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Tree Size
| Trunk diameter is 100-150 cm |
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| Tree height is 40-50 m |
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| Tree height is 30-40 m |
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| Bole length is 20-30 m |
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| Sapwood width is 5-10 cm |
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| Tree height is 20-30 m |
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The tree is reported to reach heights of 160 feet (49 m), with trunk diameters of 60 inches (150 cm) or more. Boles are unbuttressed but may have a swollen base, they are straight, clear and sometimes reach 100 feet (30 m) in length
Product Sources
The ITTO reports that the species is a regular source of timber for export.
Although the population of the species is relatively secure, supplies of Ekki in the lumber form are limited, especially on the N. American market. The material is easier to obtain in Europe in the form of flooring, vats and other containers for liquids.
Substitutes
Piquia (Caryocar villosum) and Okan (Cylicodiscus gabunensis) are good substitutes.
Ekki is much heavier than North American white oak (Quercus alba)
Comments
General finishing qualities are rated as good
General finishing qualities are rated as satisfactory
Uses for Ekki are rather limited because it is very difficult to machine
Blunting Effect
| Blunting effect on machining is severe |
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| Blunting effect on machining is variable |
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| Blunting effect on sawing dry wood is severe |
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| Blunting effect on machining is fairly severe |
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Edges must be kept sharp. (Sharpness angle 40-45 degrees obtained by reducing the cutting angle, clearance angle, or both)
Boring
The wood tends to char during boring. Timber should be held firmly during boring operations to prevent chatter
Carving
| Heartwood is very difficult to treat |
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| Blunting effect on cutting edges is often severe |
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Cutting Resistance
| Cutting Resistance with green wood is easy |
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| Cutting Resistance with green wood is difficult |
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Narrow bandsawing is rated as satisfactory. The woods saws comparatively well, considering its hardness and high density. Timber should be held firmly to prevent chatter.
Gluing
| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
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| Easy to glue |
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Gluing properties are variable but are generally rated as satisfactory
Mortising
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Difficult to mortise |
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Material is very hard
Moulding
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Moulding properties are poor |
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Movement in Service
| Fair to Good Stability - Medium Movement |
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| Excellent Stability - Small Movement |
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| Medium |
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| Large |
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The timber has very poor stability, and tends to change dimension considerably in response to changes in atmospheric conditions
Nailing
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
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| Difficult to nail |
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| Pre-boring recommended |
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| Easy to nail |
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Planing
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Planes well, to a good finish |
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| Easy to plane |
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| Planes to a satisfactory finish |
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A strong cutting edge together with a reduction in the clearance and/or cutting angle is required in planing
Resistance to Impregnation
| Resistant heartwood |
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| Resistant sapwood |
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| Heartwood is extremely resistant |
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| Heartwood is moderately resistant |
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| Sapwood is resistant |
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Response to Hand Tools
| Easy to Work |
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| Fairly Difficult to Difficult to Work |
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| Difficult to machine |
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| Easy to machine |
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| Severe blunting effect on cutters |
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| Moderate working qualities |
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| Heartwood is very difficult to treat |
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Routing & Recessing
| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Routing is difficult |
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| Recessing is difficult |
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The timber is very hard.
Sanding
| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Easy to sand |
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The wood is reported to dress to a smooth finish
Screwing
| Pre-boring recommended |
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| Requires pre-boring before screwing. |
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| Difficult to screw |
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Turning
The coarse wood is very difficult to use in turnery work, and tools are dulled rather rapidly
Steam Bending
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Very poor |
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Painting
Polishing
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Satisfactory results |
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| Good results |
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Staining
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Finish is generally satisfactory |
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| Satisfactory staining properties |
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| Finish is generally good |
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Varnishing
Strength Properties
| Density (dry weight) = 61 - 67 lbs/cu. ft. |
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| Density (dry weight) = 67-75 lbs/cu. ft. |
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| Max. crushing strength = very high |
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| Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very high |
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| Hardness (side grain) = very hard |
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| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = high |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = very high |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = large |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = large |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = high |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large |
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| Max. crushing strength = high |
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| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very high |
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| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = medium |
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| Density (dry weight) = 53 - 60 lbs/cu. ft. |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = fairly large |
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| Density (dry weight) = > 75 lbs/cu. ft. |
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| Work to Maximum Load = medium |
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| Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = high |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = small |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = small |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = moderate |
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| Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = high |
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| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low |
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| Hardness (side grain) = hard |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = medium |
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Toughness (total work) = low
Numerical Data
| Item | Green | Dry | English |
| | | |
| Bending Strength | 14928 | 24077 | psi |
| Density | | 62 | lbs/ft3 |
| Hardness | | 3153 | lbs |
| Impact Strength | | 54 | inches |
| Maximum Crushing Strength | 9643 | 13146 | psi |
| Shearing Strength | | 3162 | psi |
| Stiffness | 2041 | 2482 | 1000 psi |
| Toughness | | 613 | inch-lbs |
| Work to Maximum Load | 12 | 17 | inch-lbs/in3 |
| Specific Gravity | 0.82 | 0.94 | |
| Weight | 63 | 59 | lbs/ft3 |
| Radial Shrinkage | 7 | | % |
| Tangential Shrinkage | 10 | | % |
| Volumetric Shrinkage | 17 | | % |
| | | |
| Item | Green | Dry | Metric |
| | | |
| Bending Strength | 1049 | 1692 | kg/cm2 |
| Density | | 993 | kg/m3 |
| Hardness | | 1430 | kg |
| Impact Strength | | 137 | cm |
| Maximum Crushing Strength | 677 | 924 | kg/cm2 |
| Shearing Strength | | 222 | kg/cm2 |
| Stiffness | 143 | 174 | 1000 kg/cm2 |
| Toughness | | 706 | cm-kg |
| Work to Maximum Load | 0.84 | 1.19 | cm-kg/cm3 |
| Specific Gravity | 0.82 | 0.94 | |
| Weight | 1009 | 945 | kg/m3 |
| Radial Shrinkage | 7 | | % |
| Tangential Shrinkage | 10 | | % |
References
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Banks, C.H. and J.P. Schoeman. 1963. Railway Sleeper and Crossing Timbers. Bulletin No. 41, Republic of South Africa. The Government Printer, Pretoria, South Africa.
Banks, C.H., Schoeman, J.P., Otto, K.P.,1977,The Mechanical Properties of Timbers with particular reference to South,Africa,South African Forestry Research Institute Bulletin,(Ed.,Schoeman, J.P. 1973 & Otto K.P. 1976,No.48
Banks, C.H.,1954,The Mechanical Properties of Timbers with Particular Reference to those,grown in the Union of South Africa,Journal of the South African Forestry Association,No. 24 pp.44-65,[South,African Forestry Journal]
Banks, C.H.,1970,The Durability of South African Wood and Wood Base Building Materials,South African Forestry Journal,No.75
Bentum, A.L.K.,1969,Properties of Ghanian Timbers - Kaku,Ghana Forest Products Research Institute Technical Newsletter,3(1,pp27-29
Bois et Forets des Tropiques,1976,Azobe (Lophira alata,Bois et Forets des Tropiques,No.170, pp35-50
Bolza, E., Keating, W.G.,1972,African Timbers - the Properties, Uses and Characteristics of 700 Species,C.S.I.R.O. Div. of Building Research
Bond, C.W.,1950,Colonial Timbers,Sir Issac Pitman & Sons Ltd. London
Boone, R.S., C.J. Kozlik, P.J. Bois, E.M. Wengert. 1988. Dry Kiln Schedules for Commercial Hardwoods - Temperate and Tropical. USDA, Forest Service, General Technical Report FPL-GTR-57, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.
Brown, W.H.,1969,Properties and uses of Tropical hardwoods in the United Kingdom. Part 1,Nonstructural properties and uses.,Conference on Tropical hardwoods SC-5/TN-5, Syracuse University
Brown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World No.1 Africa,TRADA, Red Booklet Series
Chalk, L.,1933,Twenty West African Timber Trees,Forest Trees and Timbers of the British Empire,Part 2
Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison.
Cooper, G.P., Record, S.J.,1931,The Evergreen Forests of Liberia,Yale School Forestry Bulletin,31,pp1-153
Eggeling, W.J.,1940,Indigenous Trees of Uganda,Govt. Printer Entebbe Uganda
Erfurth, T., Rusche, H.,1976,The Marketing of Tropical Wood A. Wood Species from African Moist Forests,F.A.O. Forestry Department
Farmer, R.H.,1972,Handbook of Hardwoods,HMSO
Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1950,The Seasoning Properties of Exotic Timbers,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Department of,Science and Industrial Research Leaflet,No.44 and supplements 1 & 2
Forests Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1956,A Handbook of Hardwoods,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Department of,Science and Industrial Research, Building Research Establishment
France - C.T.F.T.,1966,Bois Tropicaux,C.T.F.T. Publ.,12
France - C.T.F.T.,1973,Investigations and Tests carried out on Tropical Timber by several,Research Laboratories,CTFT
France - C.T.F.T.,1977,Promotion of African Timbers - New Species,CTFT,35 Leaflets
France - C.T.F.T.,Recuil de Fiches Techniques,C.T.F.T.
France - Comite Nacional des Bois Coloniaux,1931,Etude Physique et Mecanique des Bois Coloniaux,Assoc. Colonies-Sciences & Comite National des Bios Coloniaux, Paris,,France
Ghana - Timber Marketing Board,1969,Ghana Hardwoods,Timber Marketing Board
Gutierrez Oliva, A., Plaza Pulgar, F.,1967,Caracteristicas fisico-mecanicas de las maderas Espanolas. (Physical and,mechanical properties of Spanish timbers.,Min.Agric./Dir.Gen Montes/Instituto Forestral de Investigaciones,y,Experiencias, Madrid pp102
Hedin, L.,1930,Etude sur la Foret et les Bois du Cameroun,Haut-Commissaire de la Cameroun
HMSO. 1981. Handbook of Hardwoods, 2nd Edition. Revised by R. H. Farmer. Department of the Environment, Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire.
Hoheisel, H.,1968,Identification of some Colombian wood Sp. and their possible use on the,basis of physical and mechanical properties,Latin American Forest Research and Training Institute, Merida Venezuala
Hughes, J.F.,1971,The Principal Timber Trees of Cameroon,Unpublished data
Irvine, F.R.,1961,Woody Plants of Ghana,O.U.P. London
ITTO. 1986. Tropical Timber Atlas, Volume 1 - Africa. International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO) and Centre Technique Forestier Tropical (CTFT, 45bis, Avenue de la Belle Gabrielle, Nogent-sur-Marne Cedex, France.
Jay, B.A.,1968,Timbers of West Africa,TRADA, Red Booklet Series
Keay, R.W.J.,1964,Nigerian Trees Vol.2,Nigeria Federal Department of Forest Research, Ibadan
Kennedy, J.D.,1936,Forest Flora of Southern Nigeria,Government Printer Lagos
Kinloch, D., Miller, W.A.,1949,Gold Coast Timbers,Govt. Printer Gold Coast
Kloot, N.H., Bolza, E.,1961,Properties of Timbers Imported into Australia,C.S.I.R.O. Forest Products Division Technological Paper,No.12
Kryn, J.M., Forbes, E.W.,1959,The Woods of Liberia,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture,Forest Products Laboratory, Madison,,Report No. 2159
Kukachka, B.F.,1970,Properties of Imported Tropical Woods,Forest Research Paper FPL 125
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Lincoln, W.A. 1986. World Woods in Color. Linden Publishing Co. Inc., Fresno, California.
Patterson, D.,1988,Commercial Timbers of the World, 5th Edition,Gower Technical Press
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Saint-Aubin, G. de,1963,La Foret du Gabon,CTFT Publ., No.21
Sallenave, P.,1955,Proprietes Phyiques et Mecaniques des Bois Tropicaux de l'Union Francaise,C.T.F.T
Sallenave, P.,1964,Proprietes Physiques et Mecaniques des Bois Tropicaux (Premier Supplement,C.T.F.T. Publ.,no.23
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Savill, P.S., Fox, J.E.D.,1967,Trees of Sierra Leone
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U.A.C.O. Timber Review,1971,Some Straight forward information about a very strong and very durable,wood,U.A.C.O. Timber Review,20,pp12-3
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