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Blunting Effect
Boring
Comments
Common Names
Common Uses
Countries of Distribution
Cutting Resistance
Distribution Overview
Drying Defects
Ease of Drying
Environmental Profile
Family Name
Gluing
Grain
Heartwood Color
Kiln Drying Rate
Kiln Schedules
Light-Induced Color Change
Luster
Mortising
Moulding
Movement in Service
Nailing
Natural Durability
Numerical Data
Odor
Painting
Planing
Polishing
Product Sources
References
Regions of Distribution
Resistance to Impregnation
Response to Hand Tools
Routing & Recessing
Sapwood Color
Scientific Name
Screwing
Staining
Steam Bending
Strength Properties
Texture
Trade Name
Tree Size
Turning
Veneering Qualities
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Common Names
Alder, Aulne noir, Aune, Aune commune, Black alder, Common alder, Eis, Els, Erle, European alder, Grey alder, Hannoki, Japanese alder, Klibbal
Regions of Distribution
Africa, Eastern Europe, Mediterranean Sea Region, Oceania and S.E. Asia, Western Europe
Countries of Distribution
[VIEW MAP]
Russia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Turkey, United Kingdom
Common Uses
Artificial limbs, Baskets, Bearings & bushings, Boat building (general), Boxes and crates, Broom handles, Brush backs & handles, Brush backs & handles, Cabinetmaking, Carvings, Charcoal, Flooring: industrial heavy traffic, Furniture, Joinery, Light construction, Marine construction, Musical instruments, Particleboard, Piling, Plywood corestock, Plywood, Posts, Pulp/Paper products, Shade rollers, Sporting Goods, Textile equipment, Toys, Turnery, Utility plywood, Veneer, Veneer: decorative, Wooden shoes
Environmental Profile
| Status has not been officially assessed |
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Distribution Overview
Natural throughout British Isles and most of Europe. Naturalized in NE U.S. and SE Canada (Maritime provinces) and forming pure stands along some rivers and streams. Introduced in colonial times. It is also found in western Asia, and northern Africa. Long cultivated, the original range is difficult to determine.
Black alder is spread all over Europe from Ireland in the west to western Siberia in the east, as far as northern Africa in the south and up to 65o in the north. It has been introduced in the Azores and in the United States of America. Its range both in Europe and Africa is not compact but markedly disjunct. In the mountainous regions of the central Europe it reaches altitudes between 1500 and 1800 m. Its preferred climate is moderate to cold one, it grows best in deep soils where the water table is high. Optimum amount of precipitation is from 800 to 860 mm per year. It does not tolerate stagnant water or high soil acidity.
Heartwood Color
| Brown |
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| Red |
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| White |
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| Yellow |
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| Purple |
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| Orange |
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| Reddish brown |
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| White to cream |
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| Red |
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| Yellow to golden-yellow to orange |
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| Pale brown |
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| Brown |
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Felled wood has a warm light brown color then changes rapidly to bright deep orange
Sapwood Color
| Red |
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| Brown |
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| Yellow |
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| White |
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| Color not distinct from heartwood |
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Grain
| Figure |
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| Rays (figure) |
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| Straight |
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| Distinct (figure) |
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| Even |
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| Stripe (figure) |
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| Irregular |
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| Growth rings (figure) |
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| Rays figure |
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| Generally straight, but not always |
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| Striped figure |
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| Distinct and fine figure |
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| Burrs |
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| Irregular |
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| Distinct and fine figure |
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| Clear growth rings (figure) |
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Carefully managed trees are reported to produce straight-grained timber. Grain tends to be wild in trees with irregular trunks and which are occasionally burry. This is common in trees growing in open areas near streams. Quarter cut material may have a well-defined figure because of false broad rays, but the figure is infrequent since the rays are irregularly distributed. Sound burrs are highly figured, if they are found in suitable sizes.
Texture
| Fine |
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| Close |
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| Even or uniform |
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| Fine |
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| Even textured |
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Luster
| Low |
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| Dull |
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| Slightly lustrous |
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Natural Durability
| Perishable |
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| Non-durable |
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| Susceptible to insect attack |
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| Resistant to powder post beetles |
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| Non-resistant to marine borers |
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| Sapwood non-resistant to furniture beetles |
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| Perishable |
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| Resistant to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles |
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| Non durable |
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| Susceptible to wood staining fungal attack |
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| Susceptible to marine borer attack |
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| Sapwood is vulnerable to attack by furniture beetles |
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| Pinworms (ambrosia beetles) are commonly present |
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| No natural resistance |
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Immune from attack by powder-post beetle
Odor
| No specific smell or taste |
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Light-Induced Color Change
Kiln Schedules
| Drying (speed) is fast |
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| Dry at a moderate speed |
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| Uk=J US=T10D5S/T8D4S Fr=4 |
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| Uk=F US=T6D4/T3D3 Fr=6 |
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| Schedule J (4/4) United Kingdom |
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Drying Defects
Ease of Drying
| Fairly Easy |
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| Rapidly |
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| Slowly |
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| Reconditioning Treatement |
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| Moderately Difficult to Difficult |
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| Medium to High Shrinkage |
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| Little degrade |
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| Easy |
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| Moderate |
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| Radial and tangential shrinkage from 4-7% |
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| Dries well under good controlled conditions |
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| Dries at a fairly rapid rate |
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Kiln Drying Rate
| Naturally dries quickly |
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| Naturally dries at a moderate speed |
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Tree Size
| Tree height is 20-30 m |
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| Tree height is 10-20 m |
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| Trunk diameter is 100-150 cm |
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| Tree height is 30-40 m |
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| Bole length is 10-20 m |
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| Tree height is 0-10 m |
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Product Sources
The tree is cultivated in some parts of the Philippines for its valuable oil (lumbang oil), which is used as a substitute for linseed oil.
Comments
General finishing qualities are rated as good
Blunting Effect
| Little |
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| Blunting effect on machining is slight |
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Boring
| Fair to good results |
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| Fairly easy to very easy |
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Cutting Resistance
| Easy to saw |
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| Low resistance to sawing |
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Gluing
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Glues well |
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Mortising
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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Moulding
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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Movement in Service
| Excellent Stability - Small Movement |
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| Fair to Good Stability - Medium Movement |
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| Stable |
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| Holds shape well |
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Nailing
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Holds nails well |
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| Easy to nail |
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| Holds satisfactorily |
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| Satisfactory nailing properties |
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Planing
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Sharp surfaces are required |
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Resistance to Impregnation
| Permeable heartwood |
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| Permeable sapwood |
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| Resistant heartwood |
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| Resistant sapwood |
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| Heartwood is permeable |
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| Sapwood is permeable |
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| Heartwood is moderately resistant |
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Response to Hand Tools
| Easy to Work |
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| Responds Readily |
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| Easy to machine |
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| Responds well to hand tools |
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Routing & Recessing
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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Screwing
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Poor to Very Poor Results |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Screwing yields good results |
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| Screwing yields satisfactory results |
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| Easy to screw |
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Turning
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Good results |
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| Finish is generally satisfactory |
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| Easy to turn |
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Veneering Qualities
| Veneers easily |
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| Suitable for peeling |
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| Veneers moderately easy |
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| Suitable for slicing |
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| Difficult to veneer |
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| Easy to cut |
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| There is slight to moderate drying degrade and the potential for buckles and splits |
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| Suitable for slicing |
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| Moderately easy to veneer |
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Steam Bending
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Moderate |
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Painting
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Satisfactory results |
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| Good results |
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Polishing
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Fair results |
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Staining
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Finish is generally satisfactory |
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| Finish is generally good |
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| Stains well |
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Strength Properties
| Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft. |
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| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = low |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = fairly large |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = large |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = small |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = moderate |
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| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low |
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| Max. crushing strength = low |
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| Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = low |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = small |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large |
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| Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. |
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| Density (dry weight) = 23-30 lbs/cu. ft. |
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Numerical Data
| Item | Green | Dry | English |
| | | |
| Bending Strength | 6490 | 10402 | psi |
| Density | | 33 | lbs/ft3 |
| Hardness | | 647 | lbs |
| Impact Strength | 25 | 27 | inches |
| Maximum Crushing Strength | 3505 | 6125 | psi |
| Shearing Strength | | 1573 | psi |
| Stiffness | 1142 | 1329 | 1000 psi |
| Toughness | | 167 | inch-lbs |
| Work to Maximum Load | 8 | 11 | inch-lbs/in3 |
| Specific Gravity | | 0.41 | |
| Weight | 32 | 31 | lbs/ft3 |
| Radial Shrinkage | 5 | | % |
| Tangential Shrinkage | 9 | | % |
| | | |
| Item | Green | Dry | Metric |
| | | |
| Bending Strength | 456 | 731 | kg/cm2 |
| Density | | 528 | kg/m3 |
| Hardness | | 293 | kg |
| Impact Strength | 63 | 68 | cm |
| Maximum Crushing Strength | 246 | 430 | kg/cm2 |
| Shearing Strength | | 110 | kg/cm2 |
| Stiffness | 80 | 93 | 1000 kg/cm2 |
| Toughness | | 192 | cm-kg |
| Work to Maximum Load | 0.56 | 0.77 | cm-kg/cm3 |
| Specific Gravity | | 0.41 | |
| Weight | 512 | 496 | kg/m3 |
| Radial Shrinkage | 5 | | % |
References
Armstrong, F.H.,1960,The Strength Properties of Timber,Forest Products Research Laboratory, London Bulletin,No.45
Bolza, E., Keating, W.G.,1972,African Timbers - the Properties, Uses and Characteristics of 700 Species,C.S.I.R.O. Div. of Building Research
Brown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World, No. 6 Europe,TRADA, Red Booklet Series
Brown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World, No.5 Philippines and Japan,TRADA, Red Booklet Series
Clifford, N.,1953,Commercial Hardwoods - Their Characteristics Identification and,Utilization,Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons Ltd. London
Clifford, N.,1957,Timber Identification for the Builder and Architect,Leonard Hill (Books) LTD. London
Farmer, R.H.,1972,Handbook of Hardwoods,HMSO
Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1937,A Handbook of Home-Grown Timbers,HMSO
Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1967,The Steam Bending Properties of various timbers,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Leaflet,No.45
Forests Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1956,A Handbook of Hardwoods,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Department of,Science and Industrial Research, Building Research Establishment
Grant, D.K.S.,1934,Some Local Timbers,Tanzania Forest Department
Higgins, H.G., et al,1973,Pulping of Tropical Hardwoods: Individual and Mixed Species Wood and Paper,Properties Resource Assessment,CSIRO Forest Products Lab. Div. Appl. Chem. Tech. Paper,No.70
HMSO. 1981. Handbook of Hardwoods, 2nd Edition. Revised by R.H. Farmer. Department of the Environment, Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire.
HMSO. 1985. Broadleaves. Forestry Commission Booklet No. 20. Text by H.E. Edlin. Revised by A.F. Mitchell. Forestry Commission, Her Majesty's
Howard, A.L.,1948,A Manual of Timbers of the World.,Macmillan & Co. Ltd. London 3rd ed.
I.U.F.R.O.,1973,Veneer Species of the World,Assembled at F.P.L. Madison on behalf of I.U.F.R.O. Working Party on,Slicing and Veneer Cutting
Laidlaw, W.B.R. 1960. Guide to British Hardwoods. Published by Leonard Hill [Books] Limited, 9 Eden Street, N.W.1, London.
Lavers, G.M. 1967. The Strength Properties of Timbers. Forest Products Research Bulletin, No.50 (Spersedes Bulletin No. 45). Ministry of Technology, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London.
Lavers, G.M.,1983,The Strength Properties of Timber (3rd ed. revised Moore G.L.,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Report (formerly Bulletin No.50)
Nairn, P.M., Editor. 1936. Wood Specimens - 100 Reproductions in Color - A Series of Selected Timbers Reproduced in Natural Color with Introduction and Annotations by H.A. Cox. The Nema Press, Proprietors of Wood, London.
Patterson, D.,1988,Commercial Timbers of the World, 5th Edition,Gower Technical Press
Redding, L.W.,1971,Resistance of Timbers to Impregnation with Creosote,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Bulletin No.54 pp.43
Rendle, B.J.,1969,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Ernest Benn Ltd. London
Smith, D.N.,1959,The Natural Durability of Timber,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Record,No.30
Stationery Office, London.
Stone, H.,1924,The Timbers of Commerce and their Identification,William Rider & Sons Ltd. London
T.R.A.D.A.,1942,Home-grown timber trees - their characteristics, cultivation and Uses,TRADA
Timber Development Association Ltd.,1955,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Timber Development Association Ltd.
Wood, A.D.,1963,Plywoods of the World: Their Development, Manufacture and,Application,Johnston & Bacon Ltd. Edinburgh & London
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