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Blunting Effect
Boring
Carving
Comments
Common Names
Common Uses
Countries of Distribution
Cutting Resistance
Distribution Overview
Drying Defects
Ease of Drying
Environmental Profile
Family Name
Gluing
Grain
Heartwood Color
Kiln Drying Rate
Kiln Schedules
Luster
Mortising
Moulding
Movement in Service
Nailing
Natural Durability
Natural Growth Defects
Numerical Data
Odor
Planing
Polishing
Product Sources
References
Regions of Distribution
Resistance to Impregnation
Response to Hand Tools
Routing & Recessing
Sanding
Sapwood Color
Scientific Name
Screwing
Staining
Steam Bending
Strength Properties
Synonyms
Texture
Toxicity
Trade Name
Tree Identification
Tree Size
Turning
Veneering Qualities
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Synonyms
Lovoa angulata, Lovoa brownii, Lovoa corbisieriana, Lovoa klaineana, Lovoa leplaenana, Lovoa mildbraedii, Lovoa pynaertii
Common Names
Acajour noir, African walnut, Akoko igbo, Akwantanuro, Alona wood, Alonawood, Anamamula, Apetou, Apopo, Benin walnut, Bombolu, Boyo kandi, Brown mahogany, Congo wood, Congowood, Dibeton, Dibetou, Dilolo fiote, Dominguila, Dubini-bi, Dubini-biri, Dubinibiri, Epope, Eyan, Fuga, Ghana walnut, Golden walnut, Ipaki moindu, Kou-tue, Kwantannuro, Kwatanuro, Kwo, Lahutreble, Lifaki pembe, Lovoa wood, Lovoawood, M'bolo, Mbera, Moutchibanafe, Mpengua, Mukusu, N'zima, Nigerian golden walnut, Nigerian walnut, Noyer d'Afrique, Noyer de Gabon, Nvero, Ombolo, Pedua, Penkua, Pepedom, Perek, Pereko, Pereton, Rubini-biri, Sida, Te, Temamire, Tiger wood, Tigerwood, Timabiri, Urhearike, Voka voka, wesumei, Wombolu, Wosimei
Regions of Distribution
Africa
Countries of Distribution
[VIEW MAP]
Angola, Benin, Cameroon, Congo, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo, Zaire
Common Uses
Boat building (general), Boxes and crates, Cabinetmaking, Canoes, Chairs, Decorative veneer, Flooring, Furniture , Furniture, Gunstocks, Heavy construction, Inlay work, Joinery (external): ground contact, Joinery, Light construction, Millwork, Moldings, Paneling , Paneling, Plywood, Posts, Pulp/Paper products, Sporting Goods, Tables, Tool handles, Turnery, Vehicle parts, Veneer, Veneer: decorative
Environmental Profile
| Little or no threat to its environment |
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| Generally secure within its natural habitat |
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| Data source is World Conservation Monitoring Center |
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Distribution Overview
African walnut occurs in the deciduous and evergreen forests of tropical West Africa. It grows from Sierra Leone to Gabon, tends to be gregarious, and prefers moist sites. It is still available fairly abundantly in Ghana.
Heartwood Color
| Brown |
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| Brown |
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| Yellow to golden-yellow to orange |
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| Pale brown |
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| Greenish to greyish |
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| Dark brown |
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The heartwood is a bronze shade of yellowish brown and is sometimes marked with dark streaks or veins. Dark gum lines are typical, and add to the attractive appearance of the timber. The color and superficial appearance of the wood is reported to bear a strong resemblance to Walnut (Juglans)
Sapwood Color
| Paler than heartwood |
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| Clearly differentiated from the heartwood |
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| White to yellow |
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| Different than heartwood |
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| Pinkish |
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| Color not distinct from heartwood |
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The sapwood is narrow, up to 3 inches (7.5 cm) wide. It is often well-differentiated from the heartwood, and is buff or pale brown in color. A narrow transition zone is occasionally present between the sapwood and heartwood
Grain
| Figure |
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| Interlocked |
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| Distinct (figure) |
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| Stripe (figure) |
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| Rippled (figure) |
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| Even |
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| Ribbon (figure) |
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| Straight |
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| Growth rings (figure) |
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| Interlocked |
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| Distinct figure |
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| Striped figure |
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| Rippled figure |
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| With distinct light and dark bands |
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| Stripe figure on quartersawn surfaces |
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| Straight occasionally |
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| Ribbon figure |
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| Generally straight, but not always |
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Texture
| Coarse |
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| Medium |
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| Fine |
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| Uniform |
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| Coarse |
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Luster
The wood is highly lustrous, almost sparkling
Natural Growth Defects
Natural Durability
| Very durable |
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| Susceptible to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles |
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| Moderately durable |
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| Susceptible to attack from termites (Isoptera) |
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| Pinworms (ambrosia beetles) often present in the standing tree |
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| Susceptible to marine borer attack |
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| Pinworms (ambrosia beetles) are commonly present |
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| Moderately resistant to termite (Isoptera) attack |
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| Resistant to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles |
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| Durable |
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| Non durable |
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The heartwood is moderately resistant to decay, but is susceptible to attack by dry wood termites. The sapwood is readily attacked by powder-post beetles
Odor
A scent similar to that in the cedars is present
Toxicity
| Respiratory effects |
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| Dermatitic effects |
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Kiln Schedules
| Drying (speed) is fast |
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| Kiln Drying Rate (in days) is fairly rapid |
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| Dry at a slow speed |
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Drying Defects
| Checking |
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| Moderate end spitting |
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| Moderate twist/warp |
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| Slight twist/warp |
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| Slight surface checking |
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| Slight end splitting |
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| Shakes may become extended |
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| No twisting or warping |
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| Distortion (twist/warp) is likely |
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Ease of Drying
| Slowly |
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| Easy |
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| Dries at a rapid rate |
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| Air dries and kiln dries slowly with minimal degrade |
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Radial = 2.0%
Shrinkage from Green to 12%
Tangential = 5.0%
Kiln Drying Rate
| Fairly rapid (11-17 days for boards under 32 mm, to 31-51 days for boards greater than 63 mm) |
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Tree Identification
| Bole/stem form is buttressed |
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| Bole/stem form is cylindrical |
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| Bole/stem form is straight |
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| Bole/stem form is not buttressed |
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Tree Size
The tree is reported to grow to a height of about 150 feet (45 m), with a trunk diameter of about 48 inches (1.2 m) above a short buttress. The bole is straight, cylindrical and tall, up to a maximum of 90 feet (27 m) to the lowest branch, with an average of about 75 feet (23 m)
Product Sources
Although reports indicate that the species is environmentally secure and is unthreatened, it is unknown whether lumber and other wood products from the species are obtainable from environmentally responsible sources.
The ITTO reports that the species is a regular source of timber. Export rate is given as frequent.
Material entering the British market is usually in the form of short logs which often contain bore holes from attack by insects
Comments
General finishing qualities are rated as good
Blunting Effect
| High to severe |
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| Blunting effect on machining is slight |
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The timber is reported to dull cutting edges slightly
Boring
| Fairly difficult to very difficult |
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| Easy |
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Sharp cutting edges are recommended while boring in order to maintain a good finish in end-grain material
Carving
| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
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Cutting Resistance
| Easy to saw |
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| Cutting Resistance with green wood is easy |
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Cross cutting is easy, with only slight tearing on bottom and back edges. The timber is reported to cut cleany with the grain in band sawing, but bottom edges may tear out when working against the grain.
Gluing
| Easy to glue |
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| Good gluing propeties |
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Mortising
| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
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| Responds well to mortising. |
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| Finishes well |
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| Easy to mortise |
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Moulding
| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
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| Good finishing results |
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| Easy to mould |
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Movement in Service
The wood has good dimensional stability after seasoning, and exhibits only small movement in use.
Nailing
| Easy to nail |
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| Tends to split during nailing |
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Large-Sized stock holds nails well
Planing
| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
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| Easy to plane |
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| Planes to a satisfactory finish |
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Interlocked grain tends to affect most machining properties, but the wood works fairly easily, with very little waste during conversion. Planing is satisfactory, but a reduced cutting angle of 15 degrees has been recommended to prevent tearing
Resistance to Impregnation
| Resistant sapwood |
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| Resistant heartwood |
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| Heartwood is moderately resistant |
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| Heartwood is resistant |
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| Permeable |
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| Heartwood is permeable |
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The heartwood is very difficult to treat with preservatives, and the sapwood can be treated with moderate difficulty
Response to Hand Tools
| Easy to machine |
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| Little dulling of cutting edges |
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Routing & Recessing
| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
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| Responds satisfactorily to recessing operations |
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The material requires very sharp cutting edges for best results
Sanding
| Good sanding finish |
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| Easy to sand |
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Screwing
Screwing and screw-holding qualities are rated as good, but the wood may split
Turning
| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
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| Good results |
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| Easy to turn |
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Turning properties are good, but it requires very sharp cutting edges for smooth surfaces
Veneering Qualities
| Easy to cut |
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| Suitable for slicing |
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| Suitable for peeling |
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| No drying degrade. Dries flat without splitting |
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The timber is reported to slice into very attractive face veneers for plywood and decorative veneers for paneling, cabinets, and marquetry
Steam Bending
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Moderate |
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Polishing
| Satisfactory results |
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| Good results |
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Polishing results are excellent after filling
Staining
| Finish is generally satisfactory |
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| Satisfactory staining properties |
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| Finish is generally good |
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Strength Properties
| Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft. |
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| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = low |
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| Max. crushing strength = medium |
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| Hardness (side grain) = soft |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = very small |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = small |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = medium |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = very small |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = small |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate |
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| Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low |
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| Max. crushing strength = low |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large |
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| Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = low |
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| Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = moderate |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = fairly large |
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| Hardness (side grain) = very soft |
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| Density (dry weight) = 23-30 lbs/cu. ft. |
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| Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = medium |
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| Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low |
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| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low |
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Strength properties are about half-way between Obeche (Triplochiton scleroxylon ) and European beech (Fagus). The timber is of medium weight, has a pleasing look, and has moderate resistance to decay. Air-dry bending strength is moderate, crushing strength is in the high range. It is fairly hard, and density is high. It is used in the automobile industry for window and door trims
Numerical Data
| Item | Green | Dry | English |
| | | |
| Bending Strength | 7479 | 11270 | psi |
| Density | | 33 | lbs/ft3 |
| Hardness | | 939 | lbs |
| Impact Strength | 30 | 28 | inches |
| Maximum Crushing Strength | 3817 | 6264 | psi |
| Shearing Strength | | 1131 | psi |
| Stiffness | 1094 | 1337 | 1000 psi |
| Specific Gravity | 0.41 | | |
| Weight | 33 | 32 | lbs/ft3 |
| Radial Shrinkage | 3 | | % |
| Tangential Shrinkage | 6 | | % |
| | | |
| Item | Green | Dry | Metric |
| | | |
| Bending Strength | 525 | 792 | kg/cm2 |
| Density | | 528 | kg/m3 |
| Hardness | | 425 | kg |
| Impact Strength | 76 | 71 | cm |
| Maximum Crushing Strength | 268 | 440 | kg/cm2 |
| Shearing Strength | | 79 | kg/cm2 |
| Stiffness | 76 | 94 | 1000 kg/cm2 |
| Specific Gravity | 0.41 | | |
| Weight | 528 | 512 | kg/m3 |
| Radial Shrinkage | 3 | | % |
References
Banks, C.H., Schoeman, J.P., Otto, K.P.,1977,The Mechanical Properties of Timbers with particular reference to South,Africa,South African Forestry Research Institute Bulletin,(Ed.,Schoeman, J.P. 1973 & Otto K.P. 1976,No.48
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Bolza, E., Keating, W.G.,1972,African Timbers - the Properties, Uses and Characteristics of 700 Species,C.S.I.R.O. Div. of Building Research
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Brown, W.H.,1969,Properties and uses of Tropical hardwoods in the United Kingdom. Part 1,Nonstructural properties and uses.,Conference on Tropical hardwoods SC-5/TN-5, Syracuse University
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Chalk, L.,1933,Twenty West African Timber Trees,Forest Trees and Timbers of the British Empire,Part 2
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Erfurth, T., Rusche, H.,1976,The Marketing of Tropical Wood A. Wood Species from African Moist Forests,F.A.O. Forestry Department
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Fouarge, J., Gerard, G.,1964,Bois du Mayumbe,I.N.E.A.C. Belguim
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Fougerousse, M., Deschamps, P.,1968,Essais de Resistance de quelques Bois Tropicaux aux Xylophages Marins dans,la,Port de la Pallice,C.T.F.T. Note Technique,No.7
France - C.T.F.T./C.T.B.,1982,Guide pour le Choix des Essences Deroulables-pour la fabrication du,contreplaque,C.T.F.T./C.T.B. France
France - C.T.F.T., No.277, Maiul - Symphonia globulifera,C.T.F.T. Information Tec.
France - C.T.F.T.,1960,Resultats des observations et des essais effectues au CTFT sur le Bete,C.T.F.T. Information Technique, No.64
France - C.T.F.T.,1961,Resultats des Observations et des Essais Effectues au CTFT sur Dibetou,C.T.F.T. Information Technique,No.113
France - C.T.F.T.,1966,Bois Tropicaux,C.T.F.T. Publ.,12
France - C.T.F.T.,1973,Investigations and Tests carried out on Tropical Timber by several,Research Laboratories,CTFT
France - Comite Nacional des Bois Coloniaux,1931,Etude Physique et Mecanique des Bois Coloniaux,Assoc. Colonies-Sciences & Comite National des Bios Coloniaux, Paris,,France
Ghana - Timber Marketing Board,1969,Ghana Hardwoods,Timber Marketing Board
Gutierrez Oliva, A., Plaza Pulgar, F.,1967,Caracteristicas fisico-mecanicas de las maderas Espanolas. (Physical and,mechanical properties of Spanish timbers.,Min.Agric./Dir.Gen Montes/Instituto Forestral de Investigaciones,y,Experiencias, Madrid pp102
Harrar, E.S.,1942,Some Physical Properties of Modern Cabinet Woods 3. Directional and Volume,Shrinkage,Tropical Woods,9(71, pp26-32
Hedin, L.,1930,Etude sur la Foret et les Bois du Cameroun,Haut-Commissaire de la Cameroun
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Kukachka, B.F.,1970,Properties of Imported Tropical Woods,Forest Research Paper FPL 125
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