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Blunting Effect
Boring
Carving
Comments
Common Names
Common Uses
Countries of Distribution
Cutting Resistance
Distribution Overview
Drying Defects
Ease of Drying
Environmental Profile
Family Name
Gluing
Grain
Heartwood Color
Kiln Drying Rate
Kiln Schedules
Light-Induced Color Change
Luster
Mortising
Moulding
Movement in Service
Nailing
Natural Durability
Numerical Data
Odor
Planing
Polishing
Product Sources
References
Regions of Distribution
Resistance to Impregnation
Response to Hand Tools
Routing & Recessing
Sanding
Sapwood Color
Scientific Name
Screwing
Staining
Steam Bending
Strength Properties
Substitutes
Texture
Toxicity
Trade Name
Tree Identification
Tree Size
Turning
Veneering Qualities
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Common Names
African black walnut, African walnut, Afun, Anyi, Aprend, Aprono, Baule, Bete, Bodua, Boroua, Essai, Guissepa, Koul, Mansonia, Nkoul, Odo, Ododo, Ofun, Oprono, Prono, Pruno, Purono, Urodo
Regions of Distribution
Africa
Countries of Distribution
[VIEW MAP]
Benin, Cameroon, Congo, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, Togo
Common Uses
Bedroom suites, Boat building (general), Boat building, Bobbins, Boxes and crates, Bridge construction, Building materials, Cabinetmaking, Canoes, Carvings, Chairs, Chests, Concealed parts (Furniture), Decorative veneer, Desks, Dining-room furniture, Dowell pins, Dowells, Drawer sides, Drum sticks, Excelsior, Figured veneer, Fine furniture, Floor lamps, Flooring, Furniture , Furniture components, Furniture squares or stock, Furniture, Hatracks, Heavy construction, Interior construction, Joinery (external): ground contact, Joinery, Kitchen cabinets, Lifeboats, Light construction, Living-room suites, Marquetry, Musical instruments , Musical instruments, Musical instruments: piano, Office furniture, Organ pipes, Paneling , Paneling, Piano keys, Pianos , Picker sticks, Plywood, Radio - stereo - TV cabinets, Railroad ties, Shingles, Specialty items, Sporting Goods, Tables, Turnery, Vehicle parts, Veneer: decorative
Environmental Profile
| Vulnerable |
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| Extinct |
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| Endangered |
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He environmental profile of this species within its natural boundaries has not been officially assessed.
Distribution Overview
This species occurs in Benin, Cameroon, Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, and Nigeria. It prefers dry fertile forest soil over wet forest and tends to be drought tolerant.
Heartwood Color
| Brown |
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| Red |
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| Purple |
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| Black |
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| Greenish to greyish |
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| Brown |
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| Purple |
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| Dark brown |
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| Pale brown |
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| Yellow to golden-yellow to orange |
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| Purplish tinge |
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| Purple tinge fades |
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| Light yellow brown or pale orange brown, eventually aging into deep golden-brown |
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| Dark grey-brown |
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| Color variation is significant |
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| Black |
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| Alternating bands of light and dark tissue |
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Sapwood Color
| White |
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| Brown |
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| Yellow |
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| Pink |
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| White to yellow |
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| Well defined |
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| Paler than heartwood |
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| Whitish |
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| Different than heartwood |
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Grain
| Straight |
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| Figure |
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| Rippled (figure) |
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| Interlocked |
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| Growth rings (figure) |
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| Even |
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| Distinct (figure) |
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| Rays (figure) |
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| Variable (figure) |
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| Stripe (figure) |
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| Straight |
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| Rippled figure |
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| Interlocked |
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| Clear growth rings (figure) |
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| Distinct figure |
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| Striped figure |
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| Rays figure |
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| Occasionally interlocked, but not always |
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| Irregular color |
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| Generally straight, but not always |
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The heartwood is similar in appearance to American black walnut, but it has closer pores and a different grain structure.
Texture
| Fine |
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| Medium |
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| Even or uniform |
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| Uniform |
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| Fine |
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| Fine to medium |
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| Medium |
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| Even textured |
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Luster
| Medium |
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| Lustrous |
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| Dull |
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| Pronounced |
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| Low to Medium |
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Natural Durability
| Durable |
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| Very durable |
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| Resistant to termites |
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| Moderately durable |
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| Resistant to attack from termites (Isoptera) |
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| Pinworms (ambrosia beetles) often present in the standing tree |
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| Very durable |
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| Resistant to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles |
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| Pinworms (ambrosia beetles) are commonly present |
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| Moderately resistant to termite (Isoptera) attack |
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| Resistant to attack from marine borers |
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| Moderately durable |
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| Durable |
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| Susceptible to pin hole borer and longhorn beetle |
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| Susceptible to attack from termites (Isoptera) |
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| Susceptible to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles |
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| Heartwood is fairly resistant to termites and other insects |
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| Good weathering properties |
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Odor
| No specific smell or taste |
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Light-Induced Color Change
Toxicity
| Unspecified toxicity |
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| Respiratory effects |
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| Dermatitic effects |
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| Sawdust is extremely irritating especially to respiratory passages |
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| Bark contians poison |
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The bark of the wood also contains mansonin, a cardiac poison of the digitalis group
Kiln Schedules
| Drying (speed) is fast |
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| UK=H US=T10D4S/T8D3S Fr=7 |
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| Kiln Drying Rate (in days) is fairly rapid |
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| UK=E US=T6D2/T3D1 Fr=5 |
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| T8 - D3 (8/4) US |
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| T10 - D4 (4/4) US |
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| Kiln Schedule H; United Kingdom |
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Drying Defects
| Splitting |
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| Checking |
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| Distortion |
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| Moderate end spitting |
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| Slight end splitting |
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| Severe end splitting |
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| Slight twist/warp |
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| Slight surface checking |
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| No twisting or warping |
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| Moderate twist/warp |
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| Expect moderate degrade due to knots, splits, and loosening |
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Ease of Drying
| Moderately Difficult to Difficult |
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| Slowly |
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| Easy |
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| Requires care |
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| Dries rapidly with little degrade |
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Kiln Drying Rate
| Naturally dries slowly |
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| Drying rate is slow |
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| Slow |
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| Very slow |
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| Fairly rapid (11-17 days for boards under 32 mm, to 31-51 days for boards greater than 63 mm) |
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Tree Identification
| Bole/stem form is buttressed |
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| Bole/stem form is cylindrical |
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| Bole/stem form is straight |
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| Bole/stem form is not buttressed |
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Tree Size
| Tree height is 20-30 m |
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| Sapwood width is 0-5 cm |
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| Tree height is 30-40 m |
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| Tree height is 40-50 m |
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| Trunk diameter is 100-150 cm |
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Product Sources
The ITTO reports that the species is a regular source of timber for export. Export of the material in the log form is prohibited in Ghana and Nigeria.
Mansonia is available in limited quantities in both the lumber and veneer forms. It is priced in the moderate range, but is more expensive than American black walnut.
Substitutes
Piquia (Caryocar villosum) has similar properties.
Comments
General finishing qualities are rated as good
Blunting Effect
| Blunting effect on machining is slight |
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| Blunting effect on machining is moderate |
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| Slight to medium effect |
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| Blunting effect on sawing green wood is moderate |
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| Blunting effect on sawing dry wood is moderate |
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Boring
| Fairly easy to very easy |
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| Fair to good results |
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| Excellent boring qualities |
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Carving
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Carves well in dry condition |
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Cutting Resistance
| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult to saw |
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| Cutting Resistance with green wood is easy |
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| Cutting Resistance with dry wood is easy |
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| Easy to saw |
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Gluing
| Easy to glue |
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| Good gluing properties |
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Mortising
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Good mortising properties |
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Moulding
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Excellent moulding properties |
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Movement in Service
| Medium |
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| Moderate stability |
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Nailing
| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
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| Easy to nail |
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| Possible if prebored |
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| Good nailing properties |
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Planing
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Easy to plane |
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| Planes well, to a good finish |
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Resistance to Impregnation
| Resistant heartwood |
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| Resistant sapwood |
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| Heartwood is extremely resistant |
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| Sapwood is permeable |
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| Heartwood is resistant |
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| Sapwood is permeable |
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Response to Hand Tools
| Fairly Difficult to Difficult to Work |
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| Easy to Work |
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| Easy to machine |
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| Moderate working qualities |
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Routing & Recessing
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Routing yields good results |
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Sanding
| Good sanding finish |
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| Easy to sand |
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Screwing
| Easy to screw |
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| Screwing yields good results |
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| Excellent screwing properties |
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Turning
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Good results |
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Veneering Qualities
| No drying degrade. Dries flat without splitting |
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| Easy to cut |
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Steam Bending
| Good |
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| Moderate |
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| Best if green to prevent buckling and fracture |
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Polishing
| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Good results |
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Staining
| Finish is generally good |
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| Staining is usually excellent |
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Strength Properties
| Hardness (side grain) = medium |
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| Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft. |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = medium |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = high |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = very small |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = small |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = moderate |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = small |
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| Density (dry weight) = 46-52 lbs/cu. ft. |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = fairly large |
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| Hardness (side grain) = soft |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = very high |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = low |
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| Toughness-Hammer drop (impact strength) = high |
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| Toughness-Hammer drop (Impace Strength) = medium |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = large |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = very small |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = large |
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| Resists denting and marring |
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| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low |
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| Max. crushing strength = high |
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| Heavy |
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| Hardness = medium |
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| Hardness (side grain) = hard |
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| Density = high |
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| Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. |
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Mansonia is used by the automobile industry for interior applications such as, fascias, dashboards, and window trims.
Numerical Data
| Item | Green | Dry | English |
| | | |
| Bending Strength | 12051 | 17409 | psi |
| Density | | 40 | lbs/ft3 |
| Hardness | | 1469 | lbs |
| Impact Strength | 39 | 43 | inches |
| Maximum Crushing Strength | 5983 | 8430 | psi |
| Shearing Strength | | 2148 | psi |
| Stiffness | 1439 | 1644 | 1000 psi |
| Toughness | | 245 | inch-lbs |
| Work to Maximum Load | 13 | 16 | inch-lbs/in3 |
| Specific Gravity | 0.5 | 0.55 | |
| Weight | 39 | 39 | lbs/ft3 |
| Radial Shrinkage | 3 | | % |
| Tangential Shrinkage | 6 | | % |
| Volumetric Shrinkage | 10 | | % |
| | | |
| Item | Green | Dry | Metric |
| | | |
| Bending Strength | 847 | 1224 | kg/cm2 |
| Density | | 641 | kg/m3 |
| Hardness | | 666 | kg |
| Impact Strength | 98 | 109 | cm |
| Maximum Crushing Strength | 420 | 592 | kg/cm2 |
| Shearing Strength | | 151 | kg/cm2 |
| Stiffness | 101 | 115 | 1000 kg/cm2 |
| Toughness | | 282 | cm-kg |
| Work to Maximum Load | 0.91 | 1.12 | cm-kg/cm3 |
| Specific Gravity | 0.5 | 0.55 | |
| Weight | 624 | 624 | kg/m3 |
| Radial Shrinkage | 3 | | % |
| Tangential Shrinkage | 6 | | % |
References
Banks, C.H., Schoeman, J.P., Otto, K.P.,1977,The Mechanical Properties of Timbers with particular reference to South,Africa,South African Forestry Research Institute Bulletin,(Ed.,Schoeman, J.P. 1973 & Otto K.P. 1976,No.48
Banks, C.H.,1954,The Mechanical Properties of Timbers with Particular Reference to those,grown in the Union of South Africa,Journal of the South African Forestry Association,No. 24 pp.44-65,[South,African Forestry Journal]
Bentum, A.L.K.,1970,Properties of Ghanian Timbers - Mansonia,Ghana Forest Products Research Institute Technical Newsletter,4(1,pp30-2
Bois et Forets des Tropiques,1949,Bete (Mansonia altissima,Bois et Forets des Tropiques,No.11, pp295-8
Bois et Forets des Tropiques,1977,Bete (Mansonia altissima,Bois et Forets des Tropiques,No.171, pp31-44
Bolza, E., Keating, W.G.,1972,African Timbers - the Properties, Uses and Characteristics of 700 Species,C.S.I.R.O. Div. of Building Research
Bolza, E.,1976,Timber and Health,Div. Building Res. C.S.I.R.O. Australia
Bond, C.W.,1950,Colonial Timbers,Sir Issac Pitman & Sons Ltd. London
Brown, W.H.,1969,Properties and uses of Tropical hardwoods in the United Kingdom. Part 1,Nonstructural properties and uses.,Conference on Tropical hardwoods SC-5/TN-5, Syracuse University
Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison.
Clifford, N.,1953,Commercial Hardwoods - Their Characteristics Identification and,Utilization,Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons Ltd. London
Cox, H.A.,1939,A Handbook of Empire Timbers,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough
Cudjoe, F.S.,1969,A Key to the Family Sterculiaceae in Ghana,Forest Prod. Res. Inst. Ghana Tech. Note, No.7
Erfurth, T., Rusche, H.,1976,The Marketing of Tropical Wood A. Wood Species from African Moist Forests,F.A.O. Forestry Department
Farmer, R.H.,1972,Handbook of Hardwoods,HMSO
Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1945,A Handbook of Empire Timbers,Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Forest Products Research
Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1955,Kiln-Drying Schedules,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Department of,Science and Industrial Research, Building Research Establishment Leaflet,No.42
Forests Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1956,A Handbook of Hardwoods,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Department of,Science and Industrial Research, Building Research Establishment
Fortin, Y., Poliquin, J.,1976,Natural Durability and Preservation of 100 Tropical African Woods,International Development Research Centre, Canada
France - C.T.F.T./C.T.B.,1982,Guide pour le Choix des Essences Deroulables-pour la fabrication du,contreplaque,C.T.F.T./C.T.B. France
France - C.T.F.T.,1959,Bois a Parquets,C.T.F.T.,Information Tec.,No.6
France - C.T.F.T.,1960,Resultats des observations et des essais effectues au CTFT sur le Bete,C.T.F.T. Information Technique, No.64
France - C.T.F.T.,1966,Bois Tropicaux,C.T.F.T. Publ.,12
Ghana - Timber Marketing Board,1969,Ghana Hardwoods,Timber Marketing Board
Harrar, E.S.,1942,Some Physical Properties of Modern Cabinet Woods 3. Directional and Volume,Shrinkage,Tropical Woods,9(71, pp26-32
Hedin, L.,1930,Etude sur la Foret et les Bois du Cameroun,Haut-Commissaire de la Cameroun
HMSO. 1981. Handbook of Hardwoods, 2nd Edition. Revised by R. H. Farmer. Department of the Environment, Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire.
Hughes, J.F.,1971,The Principal Timber Trees of Cameroon,Unpublished data
I.U.F.R.O.,1973,Veneer Species of the World,Assembled at F.P.L. Madison on behalf of I.U.F.R.O. Working Party on,Slicing and Veneer Cutting
Irvine, F.R.,1961,Woody Plants of Ghana,O.U.P. London
ITTO. 1986. Tropical Timber Atlas, Volume 1 - Africa. International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO) and Centre Technique Forestier Tropical (CTFT, 45bis, Avenue de la Belle Gabrielle, Nogent-sur-Marne Cedex, France.
Jay, B.A.,1968,Timbers of West Africa,TRADA, Red Booklet Series
Kaiser, J. 1993. Wood of the Month - Mansonia: Alike, but not Akin, to American Black Walnut. Wood & Wood Products, January 1993, Page 44.
Kennedy, J.D.,1936,Forest Flora of Southern Nigeria,Government Printer Lagos
Kinloch, D., Miller, W.A.,1949,Gold Coast Timbers,Govt. Printer Gold Coast
Kline, M. 1984. Mansonia altissima - Mansonia. In A Guide to Useful Woods of the World. Flynn Jr., J.H., Editor. King Philip Publishing Co., Portland, Maine. 1994. Page 230.
Kloot, N.H., Bolza, E.,1961,Properties of Timbers Imported into Australia,C.S.I.R.O. Forest Products Division Technological Paper,No.12
Kukachka, B.F.,1970,Properties of Imported Tropical Woods,Forest Research Paper FPL 125
Lavers, G. M. 1966. The Strength Properties of Timbers. Forest Products Research Bulletin, No. 50. Ministry of Technology, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London.
Lavers, G.M.,1983,The Strength Properties of Timber (3rd ed. revised Moore G.L.,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Report (formerly Bulletin No.50)
Lincoln, W.A. World Woods in Color. Linden Publishing Co. Inc., Fresno, California.
Patterson, D.,1988,Commercial Timbers of the World, 5th Edition,Gower Technical Press
Rendle, B.J.,1969,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Ernest Benn Ltd. London
Reyes, L.J.,1938,Philippine Woods,Commonwealth of the Philippines Department of Agriculture and Commerce,Technical Bulletin,No.7
Sallenave, P.,1955,Proprietes Phyiques et Mecaniques des Bois Tropicaux de l'Union Francaise,C.T.F.T
Sallenave, P.,1964,Proprietes Physiques et Mecaniques des Bois Tropicaux (Premier Supplement,C.T.F.T. Publ.,no.23
Savill, P.S., Fox, J.E.D.,1967,Trees of Sierra Leone
Spalt, H.A., Stern, W.L.,1956,Survey of African woods 1,Tropical Woods,115(105,pp 13-38
Spalt, H.A., Stern, W.L.,1959,Survey of Africa Woods 4,Tropical Woods 17(110) pp42-115
Takahashi, A.,1978,Compilation of Data on the Mechanical Properties of Foreign Woods (Part,III) Africa,Shimane University, Japan, Research Report on Foreign Wood No. 7
Taylor, C.J.,1960,Synecology and Silviculture in Ghana,University College of Ghana Thomas Nelson and Sons
Timber Development Association Ltd.,1955,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Timber Development Association Ltd.
Timber Development Association,1948,Some New Timbers and Their Uses No. 34,Timber Development Association Limited, London [TRADA]
Titmuss, F.H.,1965,Commercial Timbers of the World,Technical Press Ltd., London, 3rd edition
Tropical Timber Information Center U.S.A.,1975,Mansonia (Mansonia altissima,State Univ., New York T.T.I.C. Bulletin,No.1
Wood, B., Calnan, D.,1976,Toxic Woods,British Journal of Dermat 94 Suppl. 13
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