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Blunting Effect
Boring
Carving
Comments
Common Names
Common Uses
Countries of Distribution
Cutting Resistance
Distribution Overview
Drying Defects
Ease of Drying
Environmental Profile
Family Name
Gluing
Grain
Heartwood Color
Kiln Drying Rate
Kiln Schedules
Light-Induced Color Change
Luster
Mortising
Moulding
Movement in Service
Nailing
Natural Durability
Natural Growth Defects
Numerical Data
Odor
Painting
Planing
Polishing
Product Sources
References
Regions of Distribution
Resistance to Impregnation
Resistance to Splitting
Response to Hand Tools
Routing & Recessing
Sanding
Sapwood Color
Scientific Name
Screwing
Staining
Steam Bending
Strength Properties
Synonyms
Texture
Toxicity
Trade Name
Tree Identification
Tree Size
Turning
Varnishing
Veneering Qualities
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Synonyms
Sarcocephalus trillesii
Common Names
Abouko, Akondoc, Aloma, Aloua, Asibo, Awesu, Badi, Bedo, Bilinga, Bohia, Bonkangu, Bonkese, Bosema, Bosima, Brimstone, Bundui, Doe-yah, Dubawile, Dunkake, Echinchin, Edjin, Eke, Ekusiawa, Engolo, Eridinda, Etinda, Gluu, Groussou, Gulu, Gulu-maza, Gulumanzi, Ikaka, Issoula, Kantate, Kilingi, Kilu, Kusia, Kusia papa, Kusiaba, Kusiabe, Kusiabo, Kussia, Linzi, Mamoundi, Mokesse, Moukonia, Mtoma, N'gulu, N'gulu maza, N'gulu-maza, Nguebe, Obiache, Odosi, Opepe, Opepi, Owessu, Owoso, Sibo, Sukisia, Tebotue, Toumbo, Uburu, Urherekor, Wei-yidi
Regions of Distribution
Africa
Countries of Distribution
[VIEW MAP]
Angola, Cameroon, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Uganda, Zaire
Common Uses
Agricultural implements, Boat building (general), Boat building, Boat building: planking, Bridge construction, Building materials, Cabinetmaking, Canoes, Chairs, Charcoal, Chests, Concealed parts (Furniture), Cooperages, Crossties, Decks, Decorative veneer, Desks, Dining-room furniture, Dockwork, Domestic flooring, Dowell pins, Dowells, Drawer sides, Excelsior, Figured veneer, Fine furniture, Floor lamps, Flooring, Flooring: commercial heavy traffic, Flooring: industrial heavy traffic, Framing, Fuelwood, Furniture , Furniture components, Furniture squares or stock, Furniture, Harbor work, Hatracks, Heavy construction, Joinery (external): ground contact, Joinery, Kitchen cabinets, Lifeboats, Light construction, Living-room suites, Marine construction, Millwork, Mine timbers, Moldings, Office furniture, Parquet flooring, Piling, Plywood, Poles, Posts, Radio - stereo - TV cabinets, Railroad ties, Rustic furniture, Shipbuilding, Sporting Goods, Tables, Truck bodies, Turnery, Vehicle parts, Veneer: decorative, Wharf construction
Environmental Profile
| Vulnerable in parts of its natural habitat |
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| Rare in parts of its natural range (population is at risk) |
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| Generally secure within most of its natural habitat, but note exceptions. |
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| Data source is World Conservation Monitoring Center |
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Rare in Ghana and Uganda, Vulnerable in Cameroon
Distribution Overview
The natural range of the species extends from Sierra Leone to the Congo region and eastward to Uganda. The species usually grows in pure stands.
Heartwood Color
| Brown |
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| Pink |
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| Red |
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| Yellow to golden-yellow to orange |
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| Brown |
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| Orangish cast |
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| Darkens after prolonged exposure |
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| Dark brown |
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The heartwood is orange-brown, orange, or golden-yellow in color, with a copper luster, and darkens upon exposure. The striking color of the wood, together with the figure is reported to give it a very attractive appearance.
Sapwood Color
| Brown |
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| White to yellow |
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| Pinkish |
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| Paler than heartwood |
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| Well defined |
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| Grey |
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| Distinct from the heartwood |
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| Different than heartwood |
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Grain
| Figure |
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| Interlocked |
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| Distinct (figure) |
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| Straight |
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| Stripe (figure) |
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| Closed |
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| Mottle |
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| Rippled (figure) |
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| Irregular |
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| Interlocked |
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| Distinct figure |
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| Straight |
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| Striped figure |
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| Rippled figure |
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| Mottled or streaked figure sometimes |
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| Irregular |
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| Distinct and very fine figure |
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The grain is usually interlocked or irregular, and produces an attractive ribbon or rope figure.
Texture
| Fine |
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| Even or uniform |
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| Coarse |
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| Medium coarse to coarse |
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| Medium |
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Luster
| High |
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| Medium |
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| Lustrous |
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| Medium to high |
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Natural Growth Defects
| Yellowish deposits in vessels |
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| Gum and mineral deposits |
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Natural Durability
| Perishable |
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| Resistant to attack from marine borers |
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| Very durable |
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| Resistant to attack from termites (Isoptera) |
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| Susceptible to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles |
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| Resistant to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles |
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| Pinworms (ambrosia beetles) are commonly present |
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| Moderately resistant to termite (Isoptera) attack |
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| Resistant to attack from pinworms (ambrosia beetles) |
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| Durable |
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| Sapwood susceptible to attack by powder post beetles |
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| Heartwood is very durable |
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| Good weathering properties |
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Sapwood is moderately resistant to attack by termites in West Africa.
Odor
| Wood has slightly bitter taste |
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| Slight fragrant aroma associated with freshly cut wood |
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Freshly-Cut wood has a slightly fragrant aroma, which becomes indistinct when the wood is seasoned
Light-Induced Color Change
Toxicity
The wood contains an alkaloid that is toxic to some individuals.
Kiln Schedules
| UK=E US=T6D2/T3D1 Fr=5 |
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| Dry at a slow speed |
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| Drying (speed) is fast |
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| T6 - D2 (4/4); T3 - D1 (8/4) US |
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| Schedule E; United Kingdom |
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| Kiln Drying Rate (in days) is rather slow |
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Drying Defects
| Collapse |
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| Checking |
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| Internal Honeycombing Possible |
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| Severe surface checking |
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| Severe end splitting |
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| Slight surface checking |
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| Moderate end spitting |
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| Slight twist/warp |
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| No twisting or warping |
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| Moderate surface checking |
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| Slight end splitting |
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| Surface checks |
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| No surface checking |
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| No end splitting |
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| Expect splits |
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| Distortion (twist/warp) is likely |
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Quartersawn material dries with very little checking or distortion, but flat sawn timber tends to be refractory and may surface-check, split and distort during drying.
Ease of Drying
| Variable |
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| Requires special attention |
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| Difficult |
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| Moderate |
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| Figure Occurrence is variable |
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Quartersawn stock dries well, but backsawn material can be refractory. Thin stickers and end protection are advisable
Kiln Drying Rate
| Slow (18-28 days for boards < 32 mm, to 52-84 days for boards >= 63 mm) |
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Tree Identification
| Bole/stem form is not buttressed |
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| Bole/stem form is cylindrical |
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| Bole/stem form is straight |
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| Bole/stem form is buttressed |
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Tree Size
| Bole length is 0-10 m |
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| Tree height is 30-40 m |
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| Tree height is 40-50 m |
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| Tree height is 50-60 m |
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| Trunk diameter is 100-150 cm |
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Product Sources
The ITTO reports that timber from this species is produced in rather low quantities. The timber is currently being promoted for export.
Supplies are plentiful, and good sized material of excellent quality is readily available at fairly expensive prices.
Comments
Abnormal Growth Defects
General finishing qualities are rated as good
Hidden defects such as reddish granular stones or heart shakes may be present.
Blunting Effect
| Moderate |
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| Blunting effect on machining is moderate |
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| Blunting effect on machining is slight |
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| Blunting effect on sawing dry wood is moderate |
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| Medium dulling effect on cutting edges |
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Boring
| Fair to good results |
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| Fairly easy to very easy |
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| Fairly easy with ordinary tools |
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| Difficult |
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Carving
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Fair carving characteristics |
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Cutting Resistance
| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult to saw |
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| Cutting Resistance with dry wood is easy |
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| Moderate to fairly difficult to saw |
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| Cutting Resistance with dry wood is moderate |
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Slow feeding rates and 17 degree cutting angles are recommended for best results.
Gluing
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Easy to glue |
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| Satisfactory gluing properties |
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Mortising
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Material mortises fairly easily |
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Moulding
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Good moulding properties |
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Movement in Service
| Fair to Good Stability - Medium Movement |
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| Excellent Stability - Small Movement |
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| Small |
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| Stable |
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Nailing
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Possible if prebored |
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| Easy to nail |
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| Difficult to nail |
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| Holds nails well |
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There is a slight tendency for the timber to split in nailing
Planing
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Easy to plane |
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| Special attention required |
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| Responds well to ordinary tools in mortising |
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| Difficult to plane |
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A reduced planing angle of 10 degrees is recommended in quartersawn material to prevent pick-up
Resistance to Impregnation
| Permeable sapwood |
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| Resistant heartwood |
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| Resistant sapwood |
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| Heartwood is moderately resistant |
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| Sapwood is permeable |
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| Heartwood is somewhat permeable |
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Resistance to Splitting
Response to Hand Tools
| Responds Readily |
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| Easy to machine |
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| Moderate working qualities |
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| Fair response to hand tools |
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Routing & Recessing
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Routing is difficult |
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| Fair routing properties |
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Sanding
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Good sanding finish |
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| Easy to sand |
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Screwing
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Easy to screw |
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| Screwing yields good results |
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The wood takes screws rather well.
Turning
| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Easy to turn |
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Veneering Qualities
| Suitable for slicing |
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| There is slight to moderate drying degrade and the potential for buckles and splits |
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| Moderately easy to veneer |
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| Good gluing qualities |
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| Bolt preparation requires steaming |
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Steam Bending
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Very poor |
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| Poor |
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| Moderate |
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Painting
Polishing
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Satisfactory results |
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| Good results |
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| Requires a filler |
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Staining
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Finish is generally satisfactory |
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| Finish is generally good |
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Varnishing
| Varnishes fairly well |
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| Satisfactory |
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Strength Properties
| Max. crushing strength = high |
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| Density (dry weight) = 46-52 lbs/cu. ft. |
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| Hardness (side grain) = medium |
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| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = medium |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = high |
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| Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = medium |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = medium |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = moderate |
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| Shrinkage, Volumetric = fairly large |
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| Shrinkage, Volumetric = moderate |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = small |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = small |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = very small |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = very small |
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| Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low |
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| Max. crushing strength = medium |
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| Shrinkage, Volumetric = large |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = large |
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| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low |
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| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = high |
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| Hardness (side grain) = hard |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = large |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = fairly large |
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| Hardness (side grain) = very hard |
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| Hardness (side grain) = soft |
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| Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. |
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| Work to Maximum Load = very low |
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| Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low |
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| Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = high |
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| Max. crushing strength = very high |
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| Density (dry weight) = 53-60 lbs/cu. ft |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = very high |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = low |
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The wood has good wearing properties, and its strength properties are reported to compare favorably with most imports. Density, strength and other properties of the species vary with site, but the wood is generally moderately hard and heavy. The species is 15 to 20 percent stronger than Teak (Tectona grandis)
Numerical Data
| Item | Green | Dry | English |
| | | |
| Bending Strength | 12606 | 17666 | psi |
| Density | | 47 | lbs/ft3 |
| Hardness | | 1724 | lbs |
| Impact Strength | 31 | 29 | inches |
| Maximum Crushing Strength | 6954 | 9873 | psi |
| Shearing Strength | | 2118 | psi |
| Stiffness | 1783 | 2034 | 1000 psi |
| Work to Maximum Load | 5 | 9 | inch-lbs/in3 |
| Specific Gravity | 0.54 | 0.65 | |
| Weight | 47 | 46 | lbs/ft3 |
| Radial Shrinkage | 4 | | % |
| Tangential Shrinkage | 7 | | % |
| Volumetric Shrinkage | 12 | | % |
| | | |
| Item | Green | Dry | Metric |
| | | |
| Bending Strength | 886 | 1242 | kg/cm2 |
| Density | | 753 | kg/m3 |
| Hardness | | 782 | kg |
| Impact Strength | 78 | 73 | cm |
| Maximum Crushing Strength | 488 | 694 | kg/cm2 |
| Shearing Strength | | 148 | kg/cm2 |
| Stiffness | 125 | 143 | 1000 kg/cm2 |
| Work to Maximum Load | 0.35 | 0.63 | cm-kg/cm3 |
| Specific Gravity | 0.54 | 0.65 | |
| Weight | 753 | 737 | kg/m3 |
| Radial Shrinkage | 4 | | % |
| Tangential Shrinkage | 7 | | % |
References
Banks, C.H., Schoeman, J.P., Otto, K.P.,1977,The Mechanical Properties of Timbers with particular reference to South,Africa,South African Forestry Research Institute Bulletin,(Ed.,Schoeman, J.P. 1973 & Otto K.P. 1976,No.48
Banks, C.H.,1954,The Mechanical Properties of Timbers with Particular Reference to those,grown in the Union of South Africa,Journal of the South African Forestry Association,No. 24 pp.44-65,[South,African Forestry Journal]
Bois et Forets des Tropiques,1956,Bilinga,Bois et Forets des Tropiques 47,pp11-14
Bois et Forets des Tropiques,1975,Bilinga,Bois et Forets des Tropiques,160,pp33-46
Bolza, E., Keating, W.G.,1972,African Timbers - the Properties, Uses and Characteristics of 700 Species,C.S.I.R.O. Div. of Building Research
Bond, C.W.,1950,Colonial Timbers,Sir Issac Pitman & Sons Ltd. London
Brown, W.H.,1969,Properties and uses of Tropical hardwoods in the United Kingdom. Part 1,Nonstructural properties and uses.,Conference on Tropical hardwoods SC-5/TN-5, Syracuse University
Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison.
Cox, H.A.,1939,A Handbook of Empire Timbers,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough
Erfurth, T., Rusche, H.,1976,The Marketing of Tropical Wood A. Wood Species from African Moist Forests,F.A.O. Forestry Department
Farmer, R.H.,1972,Handbook of Hardwoods,HMSO
Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1945,A Handbook of Empire Timbers,Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Forest Products Research
Forests Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1956,A Handbook of Hardwoods,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Department of,Science and Industrial Research, Building Research Establishment
Fouarge, J.,1950,Appropriation de Bois Congolais aux Besoins de la Metropole,I.N.E.A.C. Belgium Serie Technique,No.38
Fouarge, J.,1953,Bois du Congo,I.N.E.A.C.
Fougerousse, M., Deschamps, P.,1968,Essais de Resistance de quelques Bois Tropicaux aux Xylophages Marins dans,la,Port de la Pallice,C.T.F.T. Note Technique,No.7
France - C.T.F.T.,1966,Bois Tropicaux,C.T.F.T. Publ.,12
France - C.T.F.T.,1977,Promotion of African Timbers - New Species,CTFT,35 Leaflets
France - Comite Nacional des Bois Coloniaux,1931,Etude Physique et Mecanique des Bois Coloniaux,Assoc. Colonies-Sciences & Comite National des Bios Coloniaux, Paris,,France
Ghana - Timber Marketing Board,1969,Ghana Hardwoods,Timber Marketing Board
Gutierrez Oliva, A., Plaza Pulgar, F.,1967,Caracteristicas fisico-mecanicas de las maderas Espanolas. (Physical and,mechanical properties of Spanish timbers.,Min.Agric./Dir.Gen Montes/Instituto Forestral de Investigaciones,y,Experiencias, Madrid pp102
Hedin, L.,1930,Etude sur la Foret et les Bois du Cameroun,Haut-Commissaire de la Cameroun
HMSO. 1972. Handbook of Hardwoods. 2nd Edition. Revised by R.H. Farmer. Department of the Environment, Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire.
Hughes, J.F.,1971,The Principal Timber Trees of Cameroon,Unpublished data
I.U.F.R.O.,1973,Veneer Species of the World,Assembled at F.P.L. Madison on behalf of I.U.F.R.O. Working Party on,Slicing and Veneer Cutting
Irvine, F.R.,1961,Woody Plants of Ghana,O.U.P. London
ITTO. 1986. Tropical Timber Atlas, Volume 1 - Africa. International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO) and Centre Technique Forestier Tropical (CTFT, 45bis, Avenue de la Belle Gabrielle, Nogent-sur-Marne Cedex, France.
ITTO. New Marketable Species Technical Notes. Prepared by Centre Technique Forestier Tropical (CTFT, Division of CIRAD, 45 bis, Avenue de la Belle Gabrielle, 94736 Nogent-sur-marne Cedex, France
Jay, B.A.,1968,Timbers of West Africa,TRADA, Red Booklet Series
Keay, R.W.J.,1964,Nigerian Trees Vol.2,Nigeria Federal Department of Forest Research, Ibadan
Kennedy, J.D.,1936,Forest Flora of Southern Nigeria,Government Printer Lagos
Kinloch, D., Miller, W.A.,1949,Gold Coast Timbers,Govt. Printer Gold Coast
Kline, M. 1983. Nauclea diderrichii - Opepe. In A Guide to Useful Woods of the World. Flynn Jr., J.H., Editor. King Philip Publishing Co., Portland, Maine. 1994. Page 241-242.
Kloot, N.H., Bolza, E.,1961,Properties of Timbers Imported into Australia,C.S.I.R.O. Forest Products Division Technological Paper,No.12
Kryn, J.M., Forbes, E.W.,1959,The Woods of Liberia,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture,Forest Products Laboratory, Madison,,Report No. 2159
Kukachka, B.F.,1970,Properties of Imported Tropical Woods,Forest Research Paper FPL 125
Lavers, G. M. 1966. The Strength Properties of Timbers. Forest Products Research Bulletin, No. 50. Ministry of Technology, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London.
Lavers, G.M.,1983,The Strength Properties of Timber (3rd ed. revised Moore G.L.,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Report (formerly Bulletin No.50)
Lincoln, W.A. 1986. World Woods in Color. Linden Publishing Co. Inc., Fresno, California.
Meniaud, J., Bretonnet, F.,1926,Les Bois Coloniaux d'Afrique dans l'Industrie,Publ. de l'Agence Gen. des Colonies
Okigbo, L.,1965,Air Seasoning of Opepe (Nauclea diderrichii) pole and its pressure,impregnation at high moisture content,Nigeria Fed. Department of Forest Research, Ibadan Forest Products,Research Laboratory Report, No.4
Organisation for European Economic Co-operation,1951,African Tropical Timber (Nomenclature, Description,OEEC
Patterson, D.,1988,Commercial Timbers of the World, 5th Edition,Gower Technical Press
Pieters, A.,1977,Essences Forestieres du Zaire,R.U.G. Gent Belguim
Rendle, B.J.,1969,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Ernest Benn Ltd. London
Revue des Bois et de ses Applications,1956,Bilinga,Revue des Bois et de ses Applications,11(12,p38
Sallenave, P.,1955,Proprietes Phyiques et Mecaniques des Bois Tropicaux de l'Union Francaise,C.T.F.T
Sallenave, P.,1964,Proprietes Physiques et Mecaniques des Bois Tropicaux (Premier Supplement,C.T.F.T. Publ.,no.23
Savill, P.S., Fox, J.E.D.,1967,Trees of Sierra Leone
Scott, M.H.,1950,Notes on the more Important African Timbers Imported into the Union with,Special Ref. to Port. E.A. Species,Journal of the South African Forestry Association,No.19,pp18-62,[South,African Forestry Journal]
Spalt, H.A., Stern, W.L.,1959,Survey of Africa Woods 4,Tropical Woods 17(110) pp42-115
Streets, R.J.,1962,Exotic Forest Trees in the British Commonwealth,Clarendon Press Oxford
T.R.A.D.A.,1982,Timbers for river and sea constructions,TRADA Wood Information Section 0, Sheet 6
Takahashi, A.,1978,Compilation of Data on the Mechanical Properties of Foreign Woods (Part,III) Africa,Shimane University, Japan, Research Report on Foreign Wood No. 7
Tanzania Forest Division,1966,Diospyros mespiliformis (African Ebony,Tanzania Forest Div. Util. Sec. Moshi - Timbers of Tanganyika
Taylor, C.J.,1960,Synecology and Silviculture in Ghana,University College of Ghana Thomas Nelson and Sons
Thomas, A.V.,1964,Timbers Used in the Boat Building Industry A Survey,Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Forest Products Research,Laboratory
Timber Development Association Ltd.,1955,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Timber Development Association Ltd.
Uganda Forest Department,1954,Flooring Timbers,Uganda Forest Department Timber Leaflet,No.17
Voorhoeve, A.G.,1965,Liberian High Forest Trees,Centre for Agric. Publishing and Documentation, Wageningen
Wood, B., Calnan, D.,1976,Toxic Woods,British Journal of Dermat 94 Suppl. 13
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