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Blunting Effect
Boring
Carving
Comments
Common Names
Common Uses
Countries of Distribution
Cutting Resistance
Distribution Overview
Drying Defects
Ease of Drying
Environmental Profile
Family Name
Gluing
Grain
Heartwood Color
Kiln Schedules
Light-Induced Color Change
Luster
Mortising
Moulding
Movement in Service
Nailing
Natural Durability
Numerical Data
Odor
Planing
Polishing
Product Sources
References
Regions of Distribution
Resistance to Impregnation
Resistance to Splitting
Response to Hand Tools
Sanding
Sapwood Color
Scientific Name
Screwing
Staining
Steam Bending
Strength Properties
Texture
Trade Name
Tree Identification
Tree Size
Turning
Veneering Qualities
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Common Names
Aborbora, Abumana, Acacia du Gabon, Ahia, Akumaba, Akumadua, Akumba, Alele, Apro, Apru, Apuro, Apuropurow, Arborbora, Awraw, Ayia, Baa, Bah, Bakabakue, Balake, Bana, Banu, Bello, Bukyu-akwa, Butuakwa, Cissinhungo, Danta, Denkyera, Denta, Ekumadu, Ekumbaa, Epro, Eprou, Epru, Ka-bakam, Kissin hungo, Kissinhungo, Kondofindo, Koti, Kotibe, Kotie, Kuapa, Majaagei, Mutsanya, Naouya, Odanta, Ogamiguia, Olbarbora, Olborbora, Opuropurow, Oro, Otala, Otutu, Ouringue, Ovoe, Ovoue, Ovoui, Owoe, Redwood, Sinani, Tsanya, Urhuaro
Regions of Distribution
Africa
Countries of Distribution
[VIEW MAP]
Angola, Benin, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Gabon, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Zaire
Common Uses
Agricultural implements, Boat building (general), Boat building: decking, Boat building: framing, Boat building: planking, Boxes and crates, Brush backs & handles, Cabinetmaking, Canoes, Carvings, Chairs, Chests, Concealed parts (Furniture), Cooperages, Core Stock, Decorative veneer, Desks, Dining-room furniture, Domestic flooring, Dowell pins, Dowells, Drawer sides, Excelsior, Factory flooring, Figured veneer, Fine furniture, Floor lamps, Flooring, Fuelwood, Furniture , Furniture components, Furniture squares or stock, Furniture, Handles, Handles: general, Hatracks, Heavy construction, Joinery (external): ground contact, Joinery, Kitchen cabinets, Light construction, Living-room suites, Millwork, Mine timbers, Office furniture, Parquet flooring, Plain veneer, Plywood, Poles, Posts, Radio - stereo - TV cabinets, Railroad ties, Rustic furniture, Shafts/Handles, Sporting Goods, Stools, Sub-flooring, Tables , Tool handles, Turnery, Utility furniture, Vats, Vehicle parts, Veneer, Veneer: decorative, Wardrobes, Wheel spokes, Wheels
Environmental Profile
| Vulnerable in parts of its natural habitat |
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| Secure in many areas of its range |
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| Rare in parts of its natural range (population is at risk) |
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| Data source is World Conservation Monitoring Center |
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Rare in Sierra Leone, Vulnerable in Benin
Distribution Overview
This African species is distributed from Sierra Leone to Cameroon and the northern parts of Gabon. It is usually found growing with other species in dry deciduous and transitional forests.
Heartwood Color
| Brown |
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| Red |
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| Reddish brown |
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| Red |
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| Pale brown |
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The heartwood is reddish-brown in color, and the lustrous surface is similar to that of dark mahogany. The presence of small pin knots and streaks of dark scar tissues can sometimes mar the appearance of the wood.
Sapwood Color
| Brown |
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| Red |
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| Well defined |
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| Pinkish |
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| Paler than heartwood |
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| Different than heartwood |
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| Bright red, purplish-red, or light reddish-brown |
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Grain
| Figure |
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| Interlocked |
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| Distinct (figure) |
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| Rippled (figure) |
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| Stripe (figure) |
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| Even |
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| Other (figure) |
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| Mottle |
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| Straight |
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| Weak (figure) |
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| Interlocked |
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| Distinct figure |
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| Rippled figure |
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| Striped figure |
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| Weak figure |
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| Straight |
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| Other figure |
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| Mottled or streaked figure sometimes |
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The interlocked grain is reported to produce a striped figure on quartersawn surfaces.
Texture
| Fine |
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| Even or uniform |
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| Fine |
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| Oily feel |
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| Fine to medium |
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| Even textured |
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Luster
| Medium |
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| Low |
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| Lustrous |
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| Medium |
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Natural Durability
| Durable |
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| Resistant to attack from termites (Isoptera) |
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| Susceptible to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles |
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| Durable |
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| Moderately durable |
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| Pinworms (ambrosia beetles) are commonly present |
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| Moderately resistant to termite (Isoptera) attack |
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| Resistant to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles |
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| Susceptible to marine borer attack |
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| Resistant to attack from pinworms (ambrosia beetles) |
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| Very durable |
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| Sapwood susceptible to attack by powder post beetles |
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| Pinworms (ambrosia beetles) often present in the standing tree |
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| Pinworms (ambrosia beetles) may be present in the felled log |
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| Naturally resistant to decay |
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| Heartwood is moderately resistant to attack by termites and marine borers |
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Odor
| Has an odor |
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| No specific smell or taste |
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Light-Induced Color Change
Kiln Schedules
| Dry at a slow speed |
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| UK=E US=T6D2/T3D1 Fr=5 |
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| T6 - D2 (4/4); T3 - D1 (8/4) US |
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| Schedule E; United Kingdom |
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| Dry at a moderate speed |
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Over-rapid drying should be avoided, as there is a tendency to warp and case harden, with some ribbing and knot splitting).
Drying Defects
| Collapse |
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| Distortion |
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| Slight end splitting |
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| Moderate end spitting |
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| Slight twist/warp |
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| Moderate twist/warp |
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| No twisting or warping |
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| No end splitting |
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| Moderate collapse and honeycombing |
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| Rapid drying may cause warping and casehardening |
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| Rapid drying may cause surface checks and split knots |
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Ease of Drying
| Moderately Difficult to Difficult |
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| Slowly |
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| Variable |
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| Little degrade |
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| Easy |
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| Seasons well but slowly |
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| Difficult |
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Tree Identification
| Bole/stem form is buttressed |
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| Bole/stem form is straight |
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| Bole/stem form is cylindrical |
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Tree Size
| Bole length is 10-20 m |
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| Tree height is 30-40 m |
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Straight, cylindrical boles, which are developed over short buttresses are usually clear of branches for 40 to 50 feet (12 to 15 m).
Product Sources
The ITTO reports that the species is a fairly important source of timber which is exported regularly.
The wood is exported in small quantities from West Africa. Adequate supplies normally required for large projects are difficult to obtain, but small orders such as needed for miniature or modelling can be filled.
Comments
General finishing qualities are rated as good
Blunting Effect
| Blunting effect on machining is moderate |
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| Medium dulling effect on cutting edges |
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Blunting effect on cutting edges is rated as generally moderate, but can be substantial sometimes.
Boring
| Fair to good results |
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| Fairly easy to very easy |
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| Easy |
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| Slower speeds recommended for boring operations |
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Carving
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Easy to carve |
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Cutting Resistance
| Cutting Resistance with dry wood is easy |
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| Low cutting resistance |
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Gluing
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Easy to glue |
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| Moderate gluing properties |
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| Good gluing properties |
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The wood responds satisfactorily to all types of glues.
Mortising
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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The wood responds very well to slower speeds in mortising operations
Moulding
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Easy to mould |
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The wood is generally easy to work in, moulding and other machining operations, but there may be some tearing in material containing interlocked grain
Movement in Service
| Excellent Stability - Small Movement |
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| Fair to Good Stability - Medium Movement |
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| Medium |
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Nailing
| Difficult to nail |
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| Slight tendency for wood to split during nailing |
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| Pre-boring recommended |
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| Possible if prebored |
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| Holds nails well |
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Planing
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Special attention required |
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| Responds well to ordinary tools in mortising |
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| Easy to plane |
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| Ease of planing is moderate |
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| Cutting edges tend to dull rapidly |
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A reduced cutting angle of 15 degrees is recommended to prevent tearing
Resistance to Impregnation
| Permeable sapwood |
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| Resistant heartwood |
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| Resistant sapwood |
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| Heartwood is resistant |
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| Sapwood is moderately resistant |
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| Heartwood is extremely resistant |
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| Sapwood is resistant |
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| Sapwood is permeable |
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Resistance to Splitting
Response to Hand Tools
| Easy to machine |
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| Poor machining properties due to severe and rapid dulling of cutting edges |
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| Moderate working qualities |
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| Good |
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| Difficult to machine |
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Sanding
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Good sanding finish |
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| Fairly good sanding characteristics |
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Screwing
| Easy to screw |
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| Screwing yields good results |
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| Possible if prebored |
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| Good screw holding properties |
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Turning
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Easy to turn |
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| Very good |
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Veneering Qualities
| No drying degrade. Dries flat without splitting |
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| Easy to cut |
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| Bolt preparation requires steaming |
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The timber is reported to peel to yield low grade veneers.
Steam Bending
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Moderate |
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| Good |
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Polishing
| Satisfactory results |
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| Good results |
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A filler is sometimes required for best results
Staining
| Finish is generally satisfactory |
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| Stains and finishes very well |
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Strength Properties
| Max. crushing strength = high |
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| Density (dry weight) = 46-52 lbs/cu. ft. |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = high |
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| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low |
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| Hardness (side grain) = medium |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = fairly large |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = medium |
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| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = medium |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = very small |
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| Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = medium |
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| Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low |
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| Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = medium |
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| Shrinkage, Volumetric = fairly large |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = very high |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = small |
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| Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = high |
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| Shrinkage, Volumetric = moderate |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = small |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = moderate |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = large |
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| Hardness (side grain) = hard |
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| Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. |
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| Work to Maximum Load = low |
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| Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = very high |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = large |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = very small |
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| Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low |
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| Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = high |
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| Very heavy |
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| Very hard |
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| Very dense |
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| Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = low |
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| Toughness (total work) = medium |
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| Toughness (total work) = low |
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| Shrinkage, Volumetric = small |
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| Shrinkage, Volumetric = large |
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| Resists denting and marring |
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| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low |
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| Max. crushing strength = medium |
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| Hardness (side grain) = very soft |
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| Hardness (side grain) = soft |
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| Compression strength (parallel to grain) = high |
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The bending strength qualities of this species in the air-dry condition is very high, far superior to those of Mahogany. Compression strength parallel to grain, or maximum crushing strength, is very high - higher than in Teak or Hard maple
Numerical Data
| Item | Green | Dry | English |
| | | |
| Bending Strength | 13026 | 18841 | psi |
| Density | | 47 | lbs/ft3 |
| Hardness | | 1800 | lbs |
| Impact Strength | | 44 | inches |
| Maximum Crushing Strength | 6780 | 9676 | psi |
| Shearing Strength | | 2093 | psi |
| Stiffness | 1472 | 1766 | 1000 psi |
| Toughness | | 208 | inch-lbs |
| Work to Maximum Load | 9 | 14 | inch-lbs/in3 |
| Specific Gravity | 0.61 | 0.66 | |
| Weight | 46 | 45 | lbs/ft3 |
| Radial Shrinkage | 4 | | % |
| Tangential Shrinkage | 7 | | % |
| Volumetric Shrinkage | 12 | | % |
| | | |
| Item | Green | Dry | Metric |
| | | |
| Bending Strength | 915 | 1324 | kg/cm2 |
| Density | | 753 | kg/m3 |
| Hardness | | 816 | kg |
| Impact Strength | | 111 | cm |
| Maximum Crushing Strength | 476 | 680 | kg/cm2 |
| Shearing Strength | | 147 | kg/cm2 |
| Stiffness | 103 | 124 | 1000 kg/cm2 |
| Toughness | | 239 | cm-kg |
| Work to Maximum Load | 0.63 | 0.98 | cm-kg/cm3 |
| Specific Gravity | 0.61 | 0.66 | |
| Weight | 737 | 721 | kg/m3 |
| Radial Shrinkage | 4 | | % |
| Tangential Shrinkage | 7 | | % |
References
Armstrong, F.H.,1960,The Strength Properties of Timber,Forest Products Research Laboratory, London Bulletin,No.45
Bentum, A.L.K.,1969,Properties of Ghanian Timbers - Kaku,Ghana Forest Products Research Institute Technical Newsletter,3(1,pp27-29
Bois et Forets des Tropiques,1949,Kotibe (Cistanthera papaverifera,Bois et Forets des Tropiques,No.10,pp171-4
Bois et Forets des Tropiques,1974,Kotibe (Nesogordonia papaverifera,Bois et Forets des Tropiques,No.157, pp41-52
Bolza, E., Keating, W.G.,1972,African Timbers - the Properties, Uses and Characteristics of 700 Species,C.S.I.R.O. Div. of Building Research
Bond, C.W.,1950,Colonial Timbers,Sir Issac Pitman & Sons Ltd. London
Chalk, L.,1933,Twenty West African Timber Trees,Forest Trees and Timbers of the British Empire,Part 2
Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison.
Cox, H.A.,1939,A Handbook of Empire Timbers,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough
Cudjoe, F.S.,1969,A Key to the Family Sterculiaceae in Ghana,Forest Prod. Res. Inst. Ghana Tech. Note, No.7
Erfurth, T., Rusche, H.,1976,The Marketing of Tropical Wood A. Wood Species from African Moist Forests,F.A.O. Forestry Department
Farmer, R.H.,1972,Handbook of Hardwoods,HMSO
Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1945,A Handbook of Empire Timbers,Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Forest Products Research
Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1950,The Seasoning Properties of Exotic Timbers,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Department of,Science and Industrial Research Leaflet,No.44 and supplements 1 & 2
Forests Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1956,A Handbook of Hardwoods,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Department of,Science and Industrial Research, Building Research Establishment
France - C.T.F.T./C.T.B.,1982,Guide pour le Choix des Essences Deroulables-pour la fabrication du,contreplaque,C.T.F.T./C.T.B. France
France - C.T.F.T.,1961,Resultats des Observations et des Essais Effectues au CTFT sur Kotibe,C.T.F.T. Information techique,No.117
France - C.T.F.T.,1966,Bois Tropicaux,C.T.F.T. Publ.,12
France - C.T.F.T.,1977,Promotion of African Timbers - New Species,CTFT,35 Leaflets
Ghana - Timber Marketing Board,1969,Ghana Hardwoods,Timber Marketing Board
Ghana,1967,Properties of Ghanian Timbers-Danta (Nesogordonia papaverifera,Ghana Forest Products Research Institute Technical Newsletter, 1(2,pp26-7
HMSO. 1972. Handbook of Hardwoods. 2nd Edition. Revised by R.H. Farmer. Department of the Environment, Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire.
Howard, A.L.,1948,A Manual of Timbers of the World.,Macmillan & Co. Ltd. London 3rd ed.
Hughes, J.F.,1971,The Principal Timber Trees of Cameroon,Unpublished data
I.U.F.R.O.,1973,Veneer Species of the World,Assembled at F.P.L. Madison on behalf of I.U.F.R.O. Working Party on,Slicing and Veneer Cutting
Irvine, F.R.,1961,Woody Plants of Ghana,O.U.P. London
ITTO. 1986. Tropical Timber Atlas, Volume 1 - Africa. International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO) and Centre Technique Forestier Tropical (CTFT, 45bis, Avenue de la Belle Gabrielle, Nogent-sur-Marne Cedex, France.
Jay, B.A.,1968,Timbers of West Africa,TRADA, Red Booklet Series
Keay, R.W.J., et al,1960,Nigerian Trees Vol.1,Nigeria Federal Department of Forest Research, Ibadan
Kennedy, J.D.,1936,Forest Flora of Southern Nigeria,Government Printer Lagos
Kinloch, D., Miller, W.A.,1949,Gold Coast Timbers,Govt. Printer Gold Coast
Kline, M. 1988. Nesogordonia papaverifera - Danta. In A Guide to Useful Woods of the World. Flynn Jr., J.H., Editor. King Philip Publishing Co., Portland, Maine. 1994. Page 243-244.
Kloot, N.H., Bolza, E.,1961,Properties of Timbers Imported into Australia,C.S.I.R.O. Forest Products Division Technological Paper,No.12
Kribs, D.A.,1950,Commercial and Foreign Woods on the American Market (a manual to their,structure, identification, uses and distribution,U.S.A. Penn. State College, Tropical Woods Laboratory
Kryn, J.M., Forbes, E.W.,1959,The Woods of Liberia,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture,Forest Products Laboratory, Madison,,Report No. 2159
Kunkel, G.,1965,The Trees of Liberia,German Forestry Mission to Liberia Report,No.3
Lavers, G. M. 1966. The Strength Properties of Timbers. Forest Products Research Bulletin, No. 50. Ministry of Technology, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London.
Lavers, G.M.,1983,The Strength Properties of Timber (3rd ed. revised Moore G.L.,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Report (formerly Bulletin No.50)
Lincoln, W.A. 1986. World Woods in Color. Linden Publishing Co. Inc., Fresno, California.
Organisation for European Economic Co-operation,1951,African Tropical Timber (Nomenclature, Description,OEEC
Patterson, D.,1988,Commercial Timbers of the World, 5th Edition,Gower Technical Press
Perrot, E.,1921,Les Bois du Gabon,Larose Paris
Rendle, B.J.,1969,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Ernest Benn Ltd. London
Revue des Bois et de ses Applications,1958,Kotibe (Cistanthera papaverifera,Revue des Bois et de ses Applications,13(2, p30
Sallenave, P.,1955,Proprietes Phyiques et Mecaniques des Bois Tropicaux de l'Union Francaise,C.T.F.T
Sallenave, P.,1964,Proprietes Physiques et Mecaniques des Bois Tropicaux (Premier Supplement,C.T.F.T. Publ.,no.23
Savill, P.S., Fox, J.E.D.,1967,Trees of Sierra Leone
Spalt, H.A., Stern, W.L.,1956,Survey of Africa Woods 2,Tropical Woods 16(106) pp65-97
Spalt, H.A., Stern, W.L.,1956,Survey of African woods 1,Tropical Woods,115(105,pp 13-38
Takahashi, A.,1978,Compilation of Data on the Mechanical Properties of Foreign Woods (Part,III) Africa,Shimane University, Japan, Research Report on Foreign Wood No. 7
Taylor, C.J.,1960,Synecology and Silviculture in Ghana,University College of Ghana Thomas Nelson and Sons
Timber Development Association Ltd.,1955,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Timber Development Association Ltd.
Timber Review,1976,Sepetir (Sindora Spp. and Pseudosindora palustris,Timber Review,27 p15-6
Titmuss, F.H.,1965,Commercial Timbers of the World,Technical Press Ltd., London, 3rd edition
Voorhoeve, A.G.,1965,Liberian High Forest Trees,Centre for Agric. Publishing and Documentation, Wageningen
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