Clicking
any heading in the main data area (at right) will scroll the page back
to this top position.
Use the following links to
jump to the associated section in the main data.
Blunting Effect
Boring
Carving
Comments
Common Names
Common Uses
Countries of Distribution
Cutting Resistance
Distribution Overview
Drying Defects
Ease of Drying
Environmental Profile
Family Name
Gluing
Grain
Heartwood Color
Kiln Drying Rate
Kiln Schedules
Light-Induced Color Change
Luster
Mortising
Moulding
Movement in Service
Nailing
Natural Durability
Numerical Data
Odor
Painting
Planing
Polishing
References
Regions of Distribution
Resistance to Impregnation
Response to Hand Tools
Routing & Recessing
Sanding
Sapwood Color
Scientific Name
Screwing
Staining
Steam Bending
Strength Properties
Texture
Toxicity
Trade Name
Tree Identification
Tree Size
Turning
Varnishing
Veneering Qualities
| |
Common Names
Camphor, East African camphorwood, Ibean camphor, Kikenzi, Maasi, Mkulo, Mninga, Msasi, Mseri, Muheti, Munganga, Mutunguru, Muura, Muwong, Muzaiti, Muziti, Muzura, Mwiha, Ocotea
Regions of Distribution
Africa
Countries of Distribution
[VIEW MAP]
Congo, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda
Common Uses
Boat building (general), Boat building, Boxes and crates, Cabinetmaking, Concrete formwork, Domestic flooring, Exterior uses, Flooring, Furniture , Furniture, Interior construction, Joinery (external): ground contact, Joinery, Light construction, Matches, Millwork, Paneling , Paneling, Plywood, Poles, Posts, Pulp/Paper products, Railroad ties, Tables, Turnery, Vats, Vehicle parts, Veneer, Veneer: decorative
Environmental Profile
| Status unknown due to inadequate information |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Data source is World Conservation Monitoring Center |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Distribution Overview
The species occurs predominantly in Kenya and Tanzania, and sparsely in Uganda. It grows in montane forests at elevations of 3000 to 9000 feet (915 to 2745 m).
Heartwood Color
| Brown |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yellow |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Pink |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Red |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Yellow to golden-yellow to orange |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Brown |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dark brown |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Pale brown |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Light reddish-brown to yellowish-brown |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Greenish to greyish |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Darkens after prolonged exposure |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Sapwood Color
| Yellow |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Paler than heartwood |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Same as heartwood |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Color not distinct from heartwood |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Grain
| Interlocked |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Figure |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Distinct (figure) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Straight |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Even |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Closed |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Wavy |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Stripe (figure) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Interlocked |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Distinct figure |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Straight |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Wavy |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Striped figure |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Grain is typically interlocked, producing an attractive striped figure on quartersawn surfaces.
Texture
| Coarse |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Medium |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Fine to medium |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Medium |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Fine |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Luster
| Medium |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Lustrous |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Sometimes lustrous but not always |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Natural Durability
| Perishable |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Non-resistant to powder post beetles |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Very durable |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Susceptible to attack from termites (Isoptera) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Susceptible to marine borer attack |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Susceptible to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Resistant to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Non durable |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Durable |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Moderately durable |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Heartwood susceptible to attack by termites |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Heartwood susceptible to attack by marine borers |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Heartwood has high natural resistance to decay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The sapwood is rarely attacked by powder-post beetles.
Odor
| Wood has a characteristic camphor scent |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The wood has a characteristic camphor scent and is not recommended for use in kitchen applications such as draining boards.
Light-Induced Color Change
Toxicity
| Respiratory effects |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dermatitic effects |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Kiln Schedules
| Dry at a slow speed |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| UK=G US=T8B3/T5B1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kiln Drying Rate (in days) is slow |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kiln Drying Rate (in days) is rather slow |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| UK=B US=T2C2/T2C1 Fr=2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kiln Drying Rate (in days) is fairly rapid |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Drying (speed) is fast |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| T8-B3 (4/4); T5-B1 (8/4) US |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Schedule G (4/4) United Kingdom |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Drying Defects
| Checking |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Distortion |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Slight end splitting |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Slight surface checking |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| No twisting or warping |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| No end splitting |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Moderate spring/bow |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Moderate cupping |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| May warp and twist during drying |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The timber may warp and twist if conditions are not carefully controlled during air-seasoning.
Ease of Drying
| Slowly |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Easy |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Difficult |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| May require additional care to minimize defects |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Air dries and kiln dries slowly with minimal degrade |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Radial = 2.5%
Shrinkage from Green to 12% MC
Tangential = 4.0%
Thicker dimension quartersawn stock require special attention, since it is very difficult to remove moisture from the center.
Kiln Drying Rate
| Very slow (>28 days for boards < 32 mm, to >84 days for boards >= 63 mm) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Slow (18-28 days for boards < 32 mm, to 52-84 days for boards >= 63 mm) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Fairly rapid (11-17 days for boards under 32 mm, to 31-51 days for boards greater than 63 mm) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Tree Identification
| Bole/stem form is buttressed |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Bole/stem form is straight |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Bole/stem form is not buttressed |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Bole/stem form is cylindrical |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Tree Size
Some boles may be of very poor form.
Comments
Lumber Selection - Careful selection of straight-grained lumber is essential since some trees produce boles of very poor form. Timber from such trees contain twisted grain, which affects many wood properties and limits its uses. Although they often have rotten cores, selection of large logs has been recommended since they can produce boards with wider dimensions
Blunting Effect
| Blunting effect on sawing dry wood is moderate |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Blunting effect on machining is slight |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Slight dulling effect on cutting tools |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Boring
| Fair to good results |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Fairly easy to very easy |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Satisfactory (60+ pieces out of 100 will yield good to excellent results) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Easy |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Carving
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Poor to Very Poor Results |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cutting Resistance
| Easy to saw |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Cutting Resistance with dry wood is easy |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Low cutting resistance |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cutting resistance is low, and the timber responds satisfactorily to cross-cutting and narrow bandsawing.
Gluing
| Easy to glue |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Moderate gluing properties |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mortising
| Fair to Good Results |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Easy to mortise |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Moulding
| Poor to Very Poor Results |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Easy to mould |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Special care recommended |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A reduced cutting angled has been suggested for quartersawn material with interlocked grain to prevent tearing.
Movement in Service
The wood is dimensionally stable, and holds its shape well after seasoning.
Nailing
| Easy to nail |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Fair nailing properties |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Planing
| Fair to Good Results |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Special attention required |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Planes well, to a good finish |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Easy to plane |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
East African cottonwood is generally easy to work with ordinary machine tools, but quartered material containing interlocked grain should be planed with a reduced cutting angle of 20 degrees.
Resistance to Impregnation
| Resistant sapwood |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Resistant heartwood |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Heartwood is extremely resistant |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Sapwood is permeable |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Sapwood is moderately resistant |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Response to Hand Tools
| Easy to machine |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Slight dulling effect on cutting edges |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Responds well to hand tools |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Difficult to machine |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Routing & Recessing
| Fair to Good Results |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Routing yields good results |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Routing is easy |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Sanding
| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Good sanding finish |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Screwing
| Satisfactory screwing properties |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Easy to screw |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Turning
| Poor to Very Poor Results |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Satisfactory response to turning |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Good results |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Difficult to turn |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Veneering Qualities
| Easy to cut |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Suitable for slicing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Suitable for peeling |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Steam Bending
Steam bending qualities are inferior to those of some well known steam bending timbers such as Beech, Ash, and Oak. The wood may distort during bending and setting, and results are less than satisfactory in knotty material
Painting
Polishing
| Satisfactory results |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Good results |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Polishes and finishes very well |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Staining
| Finish is generally satisfactory |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Stains well |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Finish is generally good |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Varnishing
Strength Properties
| Max. crushing strength = medium |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Bending strength (MOR) = medium |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Hardness (side grain) = soft |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Shrinkage, Tangential = small |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = medium |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = low |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Shrinkage, Radial = small |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Shrinkage, Radial = very small |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Shrinkage, Radial = moderate |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Shrinkage, Radial = fairly large |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Hardness (side grain) = very soft |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Bending strength (MOR) = low |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Shrinkage, Volumetric = small |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Shrinkage, Volumetric = fairly large |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Shrinkage, Tangential = very small |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = medium |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Max. crushing strength = low |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Max. crushing strength = high |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Density (dry weight) = 23-30 lbs/cu. ft. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Bending strength (MOR) = high |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
East African camphorwood is described as a medium-weight timber with extremely good strength-to-weight ratio and high durability. It is low in stiffness and resistance to shock loads, but has medium strength in crushing.
Numerical Data
| Item | Green | Dry | English |
| | | |
| Bending Strength | 8744 | 13541 | psi |
| Density | | 35 | lbs/ft3 |
| Hardness | | 938 | lbs |
| Impact Strength | 25 | 27 | inches |
| Maximum Crushing Strength | 4153 | 6928 | psi |
| Shearing Strength | | 1923 | psi |
| Stiffness | 1293 | 1537 | 1000 psi |
| Work to Maximum Load | 7 | 10 | inch-lbs/in3 |
| Specific Gravity | | 0.53 | |
| Weight | 36 | 35 | lbs/ft3 |
| Radial Shrinkage | 3 | | % |
| Tangential Shrinkage | 6 | | % |
| Volumetric Shrinkage | 10 | | % |
| | | |
| Item | Green | Dry | Metric |
| | | |
| Bending Strength | 614 | 952 | kg/cm2 |
| Density | | 560 | kg/m3 |
| Hardness | | 425 | kg |
| Impact Strength | 63 | 68 | cm |
| Maximum Crushing Strength | 291 | 487 | kg/cm2 |
| Shearing Strength | | 135 | kg/cm2 |
| Stiffness | 90 | 108 | 1000 kg/cm2 |
| Work to Maximum Load | 0.49 | 0.70 | cm-kg/cm3 |
| Specific Gravity | | 0.53 | |
| Weight | 576 | 560 | kg/m3 |
| Radial Shrinkage | 3 | | % |
| Tangential Shrinkage | 6 | | % |
References
Armstrong, F.H.,1960,The Strength Properties of Timber,Forest Products Research Laboratory, London Bulletin,No.45
Bois, P.J.,1966,The Strength Properties of Tanzania Timbers,Tanzania Forest Div. Util. Sec. Moshi Tech. Note, No.35
Bolza, E., Keating, W.G.,1972,African Timbers - the Properties, Uses and Characteristics of 700 Species,C.S.I.R.O. Div. of Building Research
Bond, C.W.,1950,Colonial Timbers,Sir Issac Pitman & Sons Ltd. London
Bryce, J.M.,1967,Commercial Timbers of Tanzania,Tanzanian Forestry Division Util. Sec. Moshi
Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison.
Cox, H.A.,1939,A Handbook of Empire Timbers,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough
Farmer, R.H.,1972,Handbook of Hardwoods,HMSO
Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1945,A Handbook of Empire Timbers,Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Forest Products Research
Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1967,The Steam Bending Properties of various timbers,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Leaflet,No.45
Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1969,The Movement of Timbers,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough Technical Note,No.38
Forests Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1956,A Handbook of Hardwoods,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Department of,Science and Industrial Research, Building Research Establishment
Fouarge, J.,1970,Essais Physiques,Mecaniques et de Durabilite de Bois de la Republique,Democratique du Congo,I.N.E.A.C. Belgium Serie Technique,No.76
France - C.T.F.T./C.T.B.,1982,Guide pour le Choix des Essences Deroulables-pour la fabrication du,contreplaque,C.T.F.T./C.T.B. France
Grant, D.K.S.,1934,Some Local Timbers,Tanzania Forest Department
HMSO. 1981. Handbook of Hardwoods, 2nd Edition. Revised by R.H. Farmer. Department of the Environment, Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire.
Howard, A.L.,1948,A Manual of Timbers of the World.,Macmillan & Co. Ltd. London 3rd ed.
Kribbs, D.A. 1959. Commercial Foreign Woods on the American Market. Buckhout Lab., Dept. of Botany, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania.
Lamb, G.N.,1951,Foreign Woods - Black Ironwood (Krugiodendron ferreum, Banuyo,(Wallaceodendron celebicum, East African Camphor (Ocatea usambarensis,,Supa (Sindora supa) and Sepetir (Sindora Sp.,Wood and Wood Products 56(12) pp44-5
Lavers, G.M. 1967. The Strength Properties of Timbers. Forest Products Research Bulletin, No. 50 (Spersedes Bulletin No. 45). Ministry of Technology, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London.
Lavers, G.M.,1983,The Strength Properties of Timber (3rd ed. revised Moore G.L.,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Report (formerly Bulletin No.50)
Lincoln, W.A. 1986. World Woods in Color. Linden Publishing Co. Inc. Fresno, California.
Murira, K.,1984,Natural Durability Tests of Tanzanian Timbers 1955 - 1982,Tanzania Forestry Research Institute, Timber Utilisation Research Centre,,Moshi.
Patterson, D. 1988. Commercial Timbers of the World. Fifth Edition. Gower Technical Press, Aldershot, UK. ix + 339 pp.
Patterson, D.N.,1963,The strength of Kenya timbers, their derivation and application,Kenya Forestry Department Research Bulletin,No.23
Patterson, D.,1988,Commercial Timbers of the World, 5th Edition,Gower Technical Press
Spalt, H.A., Stern, W.L.,1956,Survey of African woods 1,Tropical Woods,115(105,pp 13-38
Spalt, H.A., Stern, W.L.,1959,Survey of Africa Woods 4,Tropical Woods 17(110) pp42-115
Tack, C.H.,1953,Plywood and veneer species,Forest Department, Uganda. Technical Note 5/1953
Takahashi, A.,1978,Compilation of Data on the Mechanical Properties of Foreign Woods (Part,III) Africa,Shimane University, Japan, Research Report on Foreign Wood No. 7
Tanzania - Timber Marketing Co. Ltd.,1978,Timber from Tanzania
Tanzania Forest Department,1960,The Natural Durability of Local Timbers,Tanzanian Forest Dept. Tech. Note,No.14
Tanzania Forest Department,1961,Utilisation Properties of Second Growth Camphor,Tanzania Forest Div. Util. Sec. Moshi Technical Note,No.27
Tanzania Forest Department,1966,Flooring Timbers,Tanzania Forest Div. Util. Sec. Moshi - Timbers of Tanganyika
Tanzania Forest Division,1965,Ocotea usambarensis (E.African Camphorwood,Tanzania Forest Div. Util. Sec. Moshi - Timbers of Tanganyika
Tanzania Forest Division,1966,Kiln Drying Schedules for Tanzania Timbers Technical Note no.38,Tanzania Forest Div. Util. Sec. Moshi
Tanzania Forest Division,1967,The Weights and Shrinkage of some Local Timbers,Tanzania Forest Div. Util. Sect. Technical Note,No.25
Timber Development Association Ltd.,1955,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Timber Development Association Ltd.
Timber Development Association,1948,Some New Timbers and Their Uses No. 34,Timber Development Association Limited, London [TRADA]
Timber Information Assoc. Ltd.,1947,Notes on East African Timbers,TRADA, Timber Information, No.28
Titmuss, F.H. 1965. Commercial Timbers of the World. Third Edition (Enlarged of A Concise Encyclopedia of World Timbers). The Technical Press Ltd., London.
Titmuss, F.H.,1965,Commercial Timbers of the World,Technical Press Ltd., London, 3rd edition
Uganda Forest Department,1954,The Mechanical Properties of some Ugandan Timbers,Uganda Forest Department Timber Leaflet,No.1
WCMC. 1992. Conservation Status Listing: Trees and Timbers of the World. World Conservation Monitoring Center (WCMC, Plants Program, 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 ODL, United Kingdom.
Wimbush, S.H.,1950,Catalogue of Kenya Timbers,Govt. Printer Nairobi Kenya
Wood, B., Calnan, D.,1976,Toxic Woods,British Journal of Dermat 94 Suppl. 13
|
|
Search
the web for anything relating to wood and forest products.
|
|
Search
the web for anything relating to wood and forest products.
|
|
