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Blunting Effect
Boring
Carving
Comments
Common Names
Common Uses
Countries of Distribution
Cutting Resistance
Distribution Overview
Drying Defects
Ease of Drying
Environmental Profile
Family Name
Gluing
Grain
Heartwood Color
Kiln Drying Rate
Kiln Schedules
Luster
Mortising
Moulding
Movement in Service
Nailing
Natural Durability
Natural Growth Defects
Numerical Data
Odor
Planing
Polishing
References
Regions of Distribution
Resistance to Impregnation
Response to Hand Tools
Routing & Recessing
Sanding
Sapwood Color
Scientific Name
Screwing
Staining
Steam Bending
Strength Properties
Texture
Trade Name
Tree Identification
Tree Size
Turning
Veneering Qualities

Scientific Name
Octomeles sumatrana

Trade Name
Binuang

Family Name
Datiscaceae

Wood Image 1

Wood Image 1

Common Names
Afu, Bada, Banosan, Banuang, Barauisan, Barobalobo, Barong, Barosing, Barousan, Benoewang, Benua, Benua motutu, Benuang, Benuang bini, Benumba, Benuwang, Bilua, Biluan, Bilus, Binoewang, Binonang, Binua, Binuang, Bunuang, Bunuang bini, Buwar, Erima, Faara, Fadda, Fote, Ilimo, Ipa, Jare, Kabal, Kajoe palaka, Kakerim, Kapu, Kijare, Kinem, Libas-blanco, Ngafi, Palaka, Para, Rima, Samak, Sanai, Senao, Tina, Usu, Walada, Wenuang, Winuang

Regions of Distribution
Oceania and S.E. Asia

Countries of Distribution  [VIEW MAP]
Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Islands

Common Uses
Bedroom suites, Boat building (general), Boat building, Boxes and crates, Building construction, Building materials, Cabinetmaking, Canoes, Chairs, Chests, Coffins, Concealed parts (Furniture), Concrete formwork, Construction, Decorative plywood, Desks, Dining-room furniture, Door, Dowell pins, Dowells, Drawer sides, Exterior trim & siding, Exterior uses, Fine furniture, Floor lamps, Form work, Furniture , Furniture components, Furniture squares or stock, Furniture, Hardboards, Hatracks, Interior construction, Interior trim, Joinery, Kitchen cabinets, Light construction, Living-room suites, Matches, Moldings, Office furniture, Particleboard, Plywood corestock, Plywood, Pulp/Paper products, Radio - stereo - TV cabinets, Rough construction, Rustic furniture, Shingles, Stools, Structural plywood, Veneer

Environmental Profile
Vulnerable in parts of its natural habitat
Status unknown due to inadequate information
Data source is World Conservation Monitoring Center

Vulnerable in the Phillipines. Its status in the wild is currently listed as unknown because of insufficient information in Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, Sabah, Sarawak, Sumatra, and the Solomon Islands

Distribution Overview
The natural growth range of this species extends from Sumatra to Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands, and northwards to the Philippines. It grows at low altitudes, and is often found in pure stands. The tree regenerate freely and is considered to be a fast-growing pioneer species.

Heartwood Color
Yellow
Orange
Black
Green/grey
Pale brown
Yellow to golden-yellow to orange
Pale red to pink
Greenish to greyish
Brown
Pinkish tint
Pale yellow
Light reddish-brown to yellowish-brown
Dark brown


Sapwood Color
Yellow
White
White to yellow
Same as heartwood
Wide
Whitish
Well defined
Paler than heartwood

Sapwood s not always differentiable from the heartwood.

Grain
Interlocked
Figure
Stripe (figure)
Other (figure)
Crossed

Interlocked
Striped figure
Other figure
Other figure
Figure shows rays
Crossed


Texture
Fine
Medium coarse to coarse
Coarse
Medium


Luster
Medium
High
Low
Dull
Low


Natural Growth Defects
Brittleheart is often frequent and extensive


Natural Durability
Non-durable
Durable
Perishable
Moderately durable
Non-resistant to powder post beetles
Susceptible to insect attack
Susceptible to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles
Perishable
Non durable
Susceptible to attack from termites (Isoptera)
Pinworms (ambrosia beetles) are commonly present
Susceptible to marine borer attack
Sapwood susceptible to attack by powder post beetles
Sapwood is susceptible to wood staining fungal attack
Heartwood highly vulnerable to attack by termites and marine borers
Heartwood has very low resistance to decay


Odor
Unpleasent aroma associated with freshly cut material
Seasoned material has no specific odor or taste
Freshly sawn timber may have unpleasent odor, which fades with seasoning


Kiln Schedules
Dry at a slow speed
UK=C US=T3C2/T3C1 Fr=3
Kiln Drying Rate (in days) is fairly rapid
UK=D US=T3D2/T3C1
T3 - C2 (4/4); T3 - C1 (8/4) US
Schedule C - United Kingdom
Kiln Drying Rate (in days) is rapid
Drying (speed) is fast


Drying Defects
Checking
Splitting
Moderate surface checking
Moderate end spitting
Severe surface checking
Severe end splitting
Slight surface checking
Moderate twist/warp
Knot splitting

The timber is reported to degrade severely in the zone between the heartwood-sapwood during drying

Ease of Drying
Moderately Difficult to Difficult
Fairly Easy
Medium to High Shrinkage
Easy
Stack timber carefully to minimize degrade
Moderate
Difficult
Air dries slowly


Radial - 3.0%
Shrinkage from green to 12% MC
Stacks require weighting down to prevent end-splitting, twisting, and surface-checking.
Tangential - 7.0%

Kiln Drying Rate
Fairly rapid (11-17 days for boards under 32 mm, to 31-51 days for boards greater than 63 mm)
Rapid (<10 days for boards < 32 mm, to <30 days for boards >= 63 mm)


Tree Identification
Bole/stem form is buttressed
Bole/stem form is straight
Bole/stem form is not buttressed


Tree Size
Some trees are reported to have very large buttresses that may reach 12 to 15 feet (4 to 4.5 m) above the the base

Comments
General finishing qualities are rated as good

Blunting Effect
Little
Moderate
High to severe
Blunting effect on machining is slight
Slight dulling effect on cutting tools

Blunting effect on cutting edges is generally slight, but occasional white deposits may chip planer knives.

Boring
Fair to good results
Fairly difficult to very difficult
Easy


Carving
Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult
Good results


Cutting Resistance
Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult to saw
Easy to saw
Moderate to saw
Cutting Resistance with dry wood is easy
Cutting Resistance with green wood is easy

The wood saws well, but cross-cutting usually produces a poor finish.

Gluing
Easy to glue


Mortising
Fair to Good Results
Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult
Finishes poorly


Moulding
Fair to Good Results
Fairly Easy to Very Easy
Good finishing results


Movement in Service
Small
Stable

Seasoned timber is dimensionally stable, and retains its shape well after manufacture.

Nailing
Pre-Boring Recommended
Easy to nail
Nails hold poorly
Satisfactory nailing properties
Holds satisfactorily

Nailing properties vary, but they are generally satisfactory

Planing
Fair to Good Results
Very Good to Excellent Results
Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult
Ease of planing is moderate
Special attention required
Planes well, to a good finish
Easy to plane

White deposits may chip planer knives, and a reduced cutting angle of 20 degrees is recommended to prevent woolly planed surfaces.

Resistance to Impregnation
Heartwood is moderately resistant
Sapwood is permeable
Heartwood is permeable


Response to Hand Tools
Easy to Work
Fairly Difficult to Difficult to Work
Easy to machine

Response to very sharp edged hand tools is good.

Routing & Recessing
Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult
Fairly Easy to Very Easy
Routing is easy


Sanding
Very Good to Excellent Results
Good sanding properties
Good sanding finish


Screwing
Poor to Very Poor Results
Pre-boring recommended
Satisfactory screwing properties
Poor results


Turning
Fair to Good Results
Fairly Easy to Very Easy
Very Good to Excellent Results
Poor results
Turns, bores, moulds, mortises and recesses rather easily
Special attention required
Responds well to machine tools to produce clean bored surfaces
For clean, smooth surfaces,sharp cutting edges are required
Finish is generally satisfactory


Veneering Qualities
Easy to cut
Suitable for peeling
No drying degrade. Dries flat without splitting
Good gluing qualities


Steam Bending
Very poor


Polishing
Fair to Good Results
Very Good to Excellent Results
Satisfactory results
Good results


Staining
Fair to Good Results
Very Good to Excellent Results
Finish is generally satisfactory
Good staining qualities
Finish is generally good


Strength Properties
Density (dry weight) = 23-30 lbs/cu. ft.
Density (dry weight) = 15-22 lbs/cu. ft.
Bending strength (MOR) = low
Shrinkage, Radial = very small
Max. crushing strength = medium
Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate
Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low
Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low
Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low
Hardness (side grain) = very soft
Shrinkage, Radial = small
Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large
Shrinkage, Radial = moderate
Max. crushing strength = low
Shrinkage, Tangential = very small
Shrinkage, Tangential = small
Shrinkage, Tangential = large
Weight = light
Surfaces may dent or scratch easily
Soft
Compression strength (parallel to grain) = low

The bending strength of the species in the air-dry condition (about 12 percent moisture content) is considered low - much lower than Teak, for example. The density is average, or medium.

Numerical Data
ItemGreenDryEnglish
Bending Strength54437793psi
Crushing Strength294417psi
Density23lbs/ft3
Hardness347lbs
Impact Strength1414inches
Maximum Crushing Strength28604589psi
Shearing Strength733psi
Static Bending28713793psi
Stiffness99011471000 psi
Toughness91inch-lbs
Work to Maximum Load58inch-lbs/in3
Specific Gravity0.28
Weight2319lbs/ft3
Radial Shrinkage3%
Tangential Shrinkage7%
ItemGreenDryMetric
Bending Strength382547kg/cm2
Crushing Strength2029kg/cm2
Density368kg/m3
Hardness157kg
Impact Strength3535cm
Maximum Crushing Strength201322kg/cm2
Shearing Strength51kg/cm2
Static Bending201266kg/cm2
Stiffness69801000 kg/cm2
Toughness104cm-kg
Work to Maximum Load0.350.56cm-kg/cm3
Specific Gravity0.28
Weight368304kg/m3
Radial Shrinkage3%

References
Bolza, E. and N. H. Kloot. 1966. The Mechanical Properties of 81 New Guinea Timbers. Technological Paper No. 41. Division of Forest Products, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Melbourne, Australia.

Bolza, E., Kloot, N.H.,1976,The Mechanical Properties of 81 New Guinea Timbers,C.S.I.R.O. Div. Building Res. Tec.Paper (2nd series) 11

Bolza, E.,1975,Properties and Uses of 175 Timber Species from Papua New Guinea and West,Irian,C.S.I.R.O. Div. Building Research Report,no.34

Browne, F.G.,1955,Forest Trees of Sarawak and Brunei and their Products.,Government Printing Office, Kuching, Sarawak

Brown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World, No. 4 South East Asia,TRADA, Red Booklet Series

Burgess, P.F.,1966,Timbers of Sabah,Sabah Forest Record, no.6

Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison.

D.'Eispeissis, J.L.,1940,The chief characteristics and uses of 6 New Guinea timbers,Australian Forestry 5 pp81-4

Da Costa, E.W.B., Osborne, L.D.,1967,Comparative decay resistance of 26 New Guinea timber species in,accelerated laboratory tests,Comm. Forestry Review 46(1) pp63-74

Eddowes, P.J. 1977. Commercial Timbers of Papua New Guinea - Their Properties and Uses. Forest Products Research Center, Office of Forests, Department of Primary Industry, Papua New Guinea.

Eddowes, P.J.,1977,Commercial Timbers of Papua New Guinea: Their Properties and Uses,Hebano Press, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea

Farmer, R.H.,1972,Handbook of Hardwoods,HMSO

Fenton, R., Et al,1977,Lowland Tropical Hardwoods - An Annotated Bibliography of Selected Species,with Plantation Potential,External Aid Div. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Wellington, N.Z.

Floresca, A.R., Rocafort, J.E.,1966,Shrinkage of Philippine Woods,Philippine Journal of Forestry 22(1-4) pp45-57

HMSO. 1972. Handbook of Hardwoods, 2nd Edition. Revised by R.H. Farmer. Department of the Environment, Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough Laboratory, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London.

I.U.F.R.O.,1973,Veneer Species of the World,Assembled at F.P.L. Madison on behalf of I.U.F.R.O. Working Party on,Slicing and Veneer Cutting

Inawat, C.L.,1972,A Study of Veneer Cutting Properties of Binuang (Octomeles sumatrana Miq,Forpride Digest 1(2/3) p61

Kartasujana, I., Martawijaya, A.,1973,Commercial Woods of Indonesia,Forest Products Research Institute, Department Pertanian, Bogor Indonesia,Report No.3

Keating, W.G., Bolza, E.,1982,Characteristics properties and uses of timbers. South East Asia, Northern,Australia and the Pacific,C.S.I.R.O. Div. Chemical Technology,Inkata Press,1

Keith, H.G.,1947,The Timbers of North Borneo,Government Colony of North Borneo, North Borneo Forest Record No.3

Kloot, N. H. and E. Bolza. 1961. Properties of Timbers Imported into Australia. Technological Paper No. 12. Division of Forest Products, Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organization, Melbourne, Australia.

Kraemer, J.H.,1951,Trees of the Western Pacific Region,West Lafayette, Indiana U.S.A.

Lauricio, F. M., Bellosillo, S. B., The Mechanical and Related Properties of Philippine Woods, The Philippine Lumber Journal, 12(5):A-H

Lavers, G. M. 1966. The Strength Properties of Timbers. Forest Products Research Bulletin, No. 50. Ministry of Technology, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London.

Lavers, G.M.,1983,The Strength Properties of Timber (3rd ed. revised Moore G.L.,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Report (formerly Bulletin No.50)

Malaysian Timber Industry Board,1986,100 Malaysian Timbers,The Malaysian Timber Industry Board

Monsalud, M.R., Tamolang, F.N.,1969,General Information on Philippine hardwoods,Philippine Lumberman 15(6) pp14-38, 15(7) pp46-72

Papua New Guinea Department of Forests,1972,New Horizons,Forestry in Papua New Guinea,Jacaranda Press PTY Ltd, Brisbane

Papua New Guinea,1982,Papua New Guinea timbers - technical data,Forest Industries Council P.N.G.

Reyes, L.J.,1938,Philippine Woods,Commonwealth of the Philippines Department of Agriculture and Commerce,Technical Bulletin,No.7

Sarawak - Borneo Lit.Bureau,1961,Common Sarawak timbers,Borneo Lit. Bureau for Sarawak Forestry Department

Sarawak Forestry Department,1953,Trees and Timbers of Sarawak and Brunei,Sarawak Forest Department Leaflet No.10

Smith, D.N.,1959,The Natural Durability of Timber,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Record,No.30

Smythies, B.E.,1965,Common Sarawak Trees,Borneo Literature Bureau

Stadelman, R.C.,1966,Forests of South-East Asia,Wimmer Bros., Memphis Tennessee

Tamolang, F.N., Martawijaya, A., Kartasujana, I., Kadir, K., Parwira, S.,1992,Indonesian Wood Atlas Volume II,Department of Forestry, Agency for Forestry Research and Development,,Bogor-Indonesia

Williams, E.,1958,Uses of some common imported species,Technical notes. Forestry Commission N.S.W. (Div. wood technology 11(3,pp11-12.









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