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Blunting Effect
Boring
Carving
Comments
Common Names
Common Uses
Countries of Distribution
Cutting Resistance
Distribution Overview
Drying Defects
Ease of Drying
Environmental Profile
Family Name
Gluing
Grain
Heartwood Color
Kiln Drying Rate
Kiln Schedules
Luster
Mortising
Moulding
Movement in Service
Nailing
Natural Durability
Numerical Data
Odor
Painting
Planing
Polishing
Product Sources
References
Regions of Distribution
Resin Content
Resistance to Impregnation
Resistance to Splitting
Response to Hand Tools
Routing & Recessing
Sanding
Sapwood Color
Scientific Name
Screwing
Staining
Steam Bending
Strength Properties
Synonyms
Texture
Trade Name
Tree Identification
Tree Size
Turning
Varnishing
Veneering Qualities
| |
Synonyms
Olea hochstetteri
Common Names
Black ironwood, East African olive, Ironwood, Ironwood olive, Kiptakeriondu, Masaieta, Murakoiwa, Musat, Musharagi, Musharangi, Musherage, Musheragi, Muthat, Ngiwe, Ngwe, Ol-toliondo, Olive, Olmasi
Regions of Distribution
Africa
Countries of Distribution
[VIEW MAP]
Cameroon, Ethiopia, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zaire, Zambia
Common Uses
Agricultural implements, Axles, Bearings & bushings, Bedroom suites, Boat building (general), Bobbins, Boxes and crates, Bridge construction, Brush backs & handles, Building construction, Building materials, Cabin construction, Cabinetmaking, Carvings, Chairs, Chests, Concealed parts (Furniture), Construction, Desks, Dining-room furniture, Domestic flooring, Dowell pins, Dowells, Drawer sides, Factory construction, Factory flooring, Fine furniture, Floor lamps, Flooring, Flooring: commercial heavy traffic, Flooring: industrial heavy traffic, Furniture , Furniture components, Furniture squares or stock, Furniture, Handles, Hatracks, Heavy construction, Interior construction, Kitchen cabinets, Light construction, Living-room suites, Mathematical instruments, Mine timbers, Office furniture, Paneling , Paneling, Parquet flooring, Piling, Poles, Posts, Pulp/Paper products, Railroad ties, Sculpture, Shipbuilding, Specialty items, Sporting Goods, Tool handles, Toys, Turnery, Vehicle parts, Veneer: decorative, Wheel spokes, Wheels
Environmental Profile
| Vulnerable in parts of its natural habitat |
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| Generally secure within most of its natural habitat, but note exceptions. |
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| Data source is World Conservation Monitoring Center |
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Vulnerable in Uganda and the Ivory coast
Distribution Overview
The species is reported be found in montane rain forests at altitudes of 6000 to 9000 feet (1830 to 2745 m). They are common in Kenya and parts of Zaire, but are less frequently found in Uganda and Tanzania
Heartwood Color
| Brown |
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| Yellow |
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| Red |
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| Green/grey |
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| Orange |
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| Pale brown |
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| Greenish to greyish |
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| Dark brown |
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| Brown |
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| Black |
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| Occasional dark streaks |
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| Occasional brown streaks |
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Sapwood Color
| Red |
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| Brown |
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| Yellow |
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| White to yellow |
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| Well defined |
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| Pinkish |
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| Paler than heartwood |
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| Pale yellow |
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| Different than heartwood |
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Grain
| Interlocked |
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| Straight |
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| Distinct (figure) |
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| Figure |
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| Closed |
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| Even |
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| Wavy |
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| Interlocked |
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| Straight |
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| Distinct figure |
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| Wavy |
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Texture
| Fine |
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| Coarse |
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| Medium |
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| Even or uniform |
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| Uniform |
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| Fine |
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| Medium coarse to coarse |
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| Even textured |
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Luster
Natural Durability
| Durable |
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| Perishable |
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| Susceptible to insect attack |
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| Resistant to termites |
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| Non-resistant to powder post beetles |
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| Non-resistant to termites |
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| Non-durable |
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| Moderately durable |
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| Non durable |
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| Susceptible to attack from termites (Isoptera) |
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| Very durable |
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| Resistant to attack from termites (Isoptera) |
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| Resistant to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles |
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| Pinworms (ambrosia beetles) often present in the standing tree |
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| Pinworms (ambrosia beetles) may be present in the felled log |
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| Perishable |
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| Pinworms (ambrosia beetles) are commonly present |
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| Heartwood susceptible to attack by termites |
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| Heartwood susceptible to attack by decay fungi |
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The heartwood has little natural resistance to decay fungi, and is susceptible to attack by termites and white ants (Isoptera).
Odor
| No specific smell or taste |
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Resin Content
The wood contains resin which is usually secreted during steaming
Kiln Schedules
| Dry at a slow speed |
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| UK=B US=T2C2/T2C1 Fr=2 |
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| Kiln Drying Rate (in days) is slow |
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| UK=E US=T6D2/T3D1 Fr=5 |
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| UK=C US=T3C2/T3C1 Fr=3 |
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| T6 - D2 (4/4); T3 - D1 (8/4) US |
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| Schedule E; United Kingdom |
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| Drying (speed) is fast |
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| Dry at a moderate speed |
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Drying Defects
| Checking |
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| Severe surface checking |
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| Moderate surface checking |
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| Moderate end spitting |
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| Severe cupping |
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| Severe end splitting |
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| Slight end splitting |
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| Severe twisting/warping |
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| Rapid drying may cause honeycombing |
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| Moderate twist/warp |
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| Expect splits |
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| Checking |
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Ease of Drying
| Fairly Easy |
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| Rapidly |
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| Reconditioning Treatement |
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| Dry slowly and carefully to minimize degrade |
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Radial - 4.0%
Shrinkage Values (Green to 12% MC)
Tangential - 6.5%
Kiln Drying Rate
| Rapid |
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| Naturally dries quickly |
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| Drying rate is fairly rapid to fast |
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| Very slow (>28 days for boards < 32 mm, to >84 days for boards >= 63 mm) |
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Tree Identification
| Bole/stem form is not buttressed |
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| Bole/stem form is misshapen |
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| Bole/stem form is fluted |
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Tree Size
| Tree height is 20-30 m |
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| Tree height is 30-40 m |
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| Bole length is 10-20 m |
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| Sapwood width is 5-10 cm |
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It develops boles that are seldom straight and heavily fluted
Product Sources
Comments
General finishing qualities are rated as good
Blunting Effect
| Little |
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| Blunting effect on sawing dry wood is severe |
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| Blunting effect on machining is moderate |
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| Medium blunting effect on tools |
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Boring
| Fair to good results |
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| Fairly easy to very easy |
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| Difficult |
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The slightly interlocked grain is reported to affect boring properties. The wood generally responds well to machine tools to yield smooth, clean surfaces
Carving
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Good results |
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Cutting Resistance
| Easy to saw |
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| Cutting Resistance with dry wood is easy |
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| Cutting resistance with dry wood is variable |
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| Cutting Resistance with dry wood is difficult |
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| Cutting Resistance with green wood is difficult |
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Seasoned wood is less difficult to convert than green wood.
Gluing
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Easy to glue |
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Mortising
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Easy to mortise |
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| Material mortises well |
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| Interlocked grain effects mortising |
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| Good response to ordinary machine tools |
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Wood containing interlocked grain is more difficult to work
Moulding
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Easy to mould |
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| Good finishing results |
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The timber has a tendency to chatter in moulding operations. A French head and collars are most suitable for moulding the wood
Movement in Service
| Large |
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| Not stable/prone to move |
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Nailing
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Difficult to nail |
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| Possible if prebored |
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| Pre-boring recommended |
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Planing
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Planes well, to a good finish |
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| Easy to plane |
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| Special attention required |
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| Interlocked grain makes wood fairly difficult to plane |
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A 20 degree planing angle and increased load on pressure bars and shoes is recommended to avoid vibration
Resistance to Impregnation
| Heartwood is moderately resistant |
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| Sapwood is permeable |
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| Heartwood is resistant |
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| Heartwood is extremely resistant |
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Resistance to Splitting
Response to Hand Tools
| Easy to Work |
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| Responds Readily |
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| Difficult to machine |
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| Variable qualities |
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| Somewhat difficult to work with hand tools |
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| Easy to machine |
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Routing & Recessing
| Routs to yield clean surfaces |
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Material containing interlocked grain may be difficult to work
Sanding
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Straight grained material sands quite easily |
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Screwing
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Possible if prebored |
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Turning
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Easy to turn |
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| Good results |
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| Excellent |
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Veneering Qualities
| Easy to cut |
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| Suitable for slicing |
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| Suitable for peeling |
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| No drying degrade. Dries flat without splitting |
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Steam Bending
Painting
Polishing
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Satisfactory results |
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| Good results |
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| Polishes and finishes very well |
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Staining
| Very good staining properties |
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| Finish is generally satisfactory |
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Varnishing
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Takes varnish well |
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| Good results |
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Strength Properties
| Bending strength (MOR) = high |
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| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = high |
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| Max. crushing strength = high |
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| Hardness (side grain) = hard |
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| Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = high |
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| Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = medium |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = large |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = large |
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| Hardness (side grain) = medium |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = small |
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| Hardness (side grain) = very hard |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = small |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = moderate |
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| Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very high |
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| Density (dry weight) = 61-67 lbs/cu. ft |
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| Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = high |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = fairly large |
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| Density (dry weight) = 46-52 lbs/cu. ft. |
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| Very heavy |
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| Very hard |
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| Very dense |
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| Shrinkage, Volumetric = fairly large |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = very small |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = very small |
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| Resists denting and marring |
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| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = medium |
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| Density (dry weight) = 53-60 lbs/cu. ft |
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| Compression strength (parallel to grain) = high |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = very high |
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It is far stronger, for example, than Hard maple, White oak, or Teak. It is very hard, and may be difficult to process with ordinary tools. It is very resistant to wear
Numerical Data
| Item | Green | Dry | English |
| | | |
| Bending Strength | 14080 | 22267 | psi |
| Density | | 53 | lbs/ft3 |
| Hardness | | 2676 | lbs |
| Impact Strength | 49 | 53 | inches |
| Maximum Crushing Strength | 6959 | 10669 | psi |
| Shearing Strength | | 2990 | psi |
| Stiffness | 2172 | 2590 | 1000 psi |
| Work to Maximum Load | 17 | 25 | inch-lbs/in3 |
| Specific Gravity | 0.65 | 0.81 | |
| Weight | 54 | 53 | lbs/ft3 |
| Radial Shrinkage | 4 | | % |
| Tangential Shrinkage | 8 | | % |
| Volumetric Shrinkage | 13 | | % |
| | | |
| Item | Green | Dry | Metric |
| | | |
| Bending Strength | 989 | 1565 | kg/cm2 |
| Density | | 849 | kg/m3 |
| Hardness | | 1213 | kg |
| Impact Strength | 124 | 134 | cm |
| Maximum Crushing Strength | 489 | 750 | kg/cm2 |
| Shearing Strength | | 210 | kg/cm2 |
| Stiffness | 152 | 182 | 1000 kg/cm2 |
| Work to Maximum Load | 1.19 | 1.75 | cm-kg/cm3 |
| Specific Gravity | 0.65 | 0.81 | |
| Weight | 865 | 849 | kg/m3 |
| Radial Shrinkage | 4 | | % |
| Tangential Shrinkage | 8 | | % |
References
Armstrong, F.H.,1960,The Strength Properties of Timber,Forest Products Research Laboratory, London Bulletin,No.45
Banks, C.H., Schoeman, J.P., Otto, K.P.,1977,The Mechanical Properties of Timbers with particular reference to South,Africa,South African Forestry Research Institute Bulletin,(Ed.,Schoeman, J.P. 1973 & Otto K.P. 1976,No.48
Bolza, E., Keating, W.G.,1972,African Timbers - the Properties, Uses and Characteristics of 700 Species,C.S.I.R.O. Div. of Building Research
Bond, C.W.,1950,Colonial Timbers,Sir Issac Pitman & Sons Ltd. London
Brenan, J.P.M., Greenway, P.J.,1949,Check-lists of the Forest Trees and Shrubs of the British Empire,Imperial Forestry Institute, Oxford No.5 Tanganyika Territories Part 2
Bryce, J.M.,1967,Commercial Timbers of Tanzania,Tanzanian Forestry Division Util. Sec. Moshi
Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison.
Cox, H.A.,1939,A Handbook of Empire Timbers,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough
Eggeling, W.J.,1940,Indigenous Trees of Uganda,Govt. Printer Entebbe Uganda
Farmer, R.H.,1972,Handbook of Hardwoods,HMSO
Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1945,A Handbook of Empire Timbers,Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Forest Products Research
Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1954,Hardwoods for Industrial Flooring,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Leaflet, No.48
Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1967,The Steam Bending Properties of various timbers,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Leaflet,No.45
Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1969,The Movement of Timbers,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough Technical Note,No.38
Grant, D.K.S.,1934,Some Local Timbers,Tanzania Forest Department
HMSO. 1972. Handbook of Hardwoods. 2nd Edition. Revised by R.H. Farmer. Department of the Environment, Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire.
Howard, A.L.,1948,A Manual of Timbers of the World.,Macmillan & Co. Ltd. London 3rd ed.
I.U.F.R.O.,1973,Veneer Species of the World,Assembled at F.P.L. Madison on behalf of I.U.F.R.O. Working Party on,Slicing and Veneer Cutting
Kaiser, Jo-Ann. Wood of the Month: Olive - An Ancient, Peaceful Species. Wood & Wood Products, June, 1992. Page 40.
Keay, R.W.J.,1964,Nigerian Trees Vol.2,Nigeria Federal Department of Forest Research, Ibadan
Kloot, N.H., Bolza, E.,1961,Properties of Timbers Imported into Australia,C.S.I.R.O. Forest Products Division Technological Paper,No.12
Lavers, G.M. 1966. The Strength Properties of Timbers. Forest Products Research Bulletin, No. 50. Ministry of Technology, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London.
Lavers, G.M.,1983,The Strength Properties of Timber (3rd ed. revised Moore G.L.,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Report (formerly Bulletin No.50)
Murira, K.,1984,Natural Durability Tests of Tanzanian Timbers 1955 - 1982,Tanzania Forestry Research Institute, Timber Utilisation Research Centre,,Moshi.
Organisation for European Economic Co-operation,1951,African Tropical Timber (Nomenclature, Description,OEEC
Patterson, D.N.,1963,The strength of Kenya timbers, their derivation and application,Kenya Forestry Department Research Bulletin,No.23
Patterson, D.,1988,Commercial Timbers of the World, 5th Edition,Gower Technical Press
Rendle, B.J.,1969,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Ernest Benn Ltd. London
Scott, M.H.,1935,Weights of South African Growth Timbers,South African Department of Agriculture and Forestry Bulletin,No.145,Forest Products Institute, Forestry Series No.1
South African Lumber Millers Assoc.,1969,Notes on some Commercially Available Hardwoods,S.A.L.M.A. Timber Info. Centre Timber Technical Guide,No.1
Spalt, H.A., Stern, W.L.,1956,Survey of African woods 1,Tropical Woods,115(105,pp 13-38
Spalt, H.A., Stern, W.L.,1959,Survey of Africa Woods 4,Tropical Woods 17(110) pp42-115
Tack, C.H.,1953,Plywood and veneer species,Forest Department, Uganda. Technical Note 5/1953
Takahashi, A.,1978,Compilation of Data on the Mechanical Properties of Foreign Woods (Part,III) Africa,Shimane University, Japan, Research Report on Foreign Wood No. 7
Tanzania Forest Department,1960,The Natural Durability of Local Timbers,Tanzanian Forest Dept. Tech. Note,No.14
Tanzania Forest Department,1966,Flooring Timbers,Tanzania Forest Div. Util. Sec. Moshi - Timbers of Tanganyika
Tanzania Forest Division,1963,Maesopsis eminii (Musizi,Tanzania Forest Div. Util. Sec. Moshi - Timbers of Tanganyika
Tanzania Forest Division,1966,Kiln Drying Schedules for Tanzania Timbers Technical Note no.38,Tanzania Forest Div. Util. Sec. Moshi
Tanzania Forest Division,1966,Olea hochstetteri (East African Olive,Tanzania Forest Div. Util. Sec. Moshi - Timbers of Tanganyika
Tanzania Forest Division,1967,The Weights and Shrinkage of some Local Timbers,Tanzania Forest Div. Util. Sect. Technical Note,No.25
Timber Development Association Ltd.,1955,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Timber Development Association Ltd.
Timber Information Assoc. Ltd.,1947,Notes on East African Timbers,TRADA, Timber Information, No.28
Titmuss, F.H.,1965,Commercial Timbers of the World,Technical Press Ltd., London, 3rd edition
Uganda Forest Department,1954,Flooring Timbers,Uganda Forest Department Timber Leaflet,No.17
Uganda Forest Department,1954,The Mechanical Properties of some Ugandan Timbers,Uganda Forest Department Timber Leaflet,No.1
WCMC. 1992. Conservation Status Listing: Trees and Timbers of the World. World Conservation Monitoring Center (WCMC, Plants Program, 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 ODL, United Kingdom.
Wimbush, S.H.,1950,Catalogue of Kenya Timbers,Govt. Printer Nairobi Kenya
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