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Blunting Effect
Boring
Carving
Comments
Common Names
Common Uses
Countries of Distribution
Cutting Resistance
Distribution Overview
Drying Defects
Ease of Drying
Environmental Profile
Family Name
Gluing
Grain
Heartwood Color
Kiln Drying Rate
Kiln Schedules
Luster
Mortising
Moulding
Movement in Service
Nailing
Natural Durability
Natural Growth Defects
Numerical Data
Odor
Painting
Planing
Polishing
References
Regions of Distribution
Resistance to Impregnation
Response to Hand Tools
Routing & Recessing
Sanding
Sapwood Color
Scientific Name
Screwing
Staining
Steam Bending
Strength Properties
Synonyms
Texture
Toxicity
Trade Name
Tree Identification
Tree Size
Turning
Varnishing
Veneering Qualities

Scientific Name
Parashorea malaanonan

Trade Name
White seraya

Family Name
Dipterocarpaceae

Synonyms
Parashorea malaanonan, Parashorea warburgii, Shorea malaanonan, Dipterocarpus malaanonan


Wood Image 1

Common Names
Anyit, Apnit, Bagtikan, Baiukan, Baiukan-pula, Bakoog, Balak-bakan, Baliuisuis, Banaliuan, Bayokan, Bayukan-pula, Bayukan-puti, Binaliuan, Buayahon, Cho-chi, Dalurot, Dangiog, Danglog, Danlig, Danlig-puti, Danlog, Daun lichin, Dunlog, Gagil, Gerutu gerutu, Guijo blanco, Hapnit, Lapnisan, Lasaan, Lauaan, Lauan, Lauan item, Lauan-barik, Lauan-danlog, Lauan-pula, Lauan-puti, Light red lauan, Litok, Malaanonang, Malaanonang na pula, Malakayan, Manggasinoro, Manlokoloko, Mayapis, Meranti putih, Murut, Pendan, Philippine mahogany, Seraya putah, Takuban, Takulau, Tavoy wood, Thingadu, Tiaong, Urat mata, White lauan, White seraya, Yauaan

Regions of Distribution
Oceania and S.E. Asia

Countries of Distribution  [VIEW MAP]
Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines

Common Uses
Balusters, Bedroom suites, Boat building, Boat building: decking, Boat building: framing, Boat building: planking, Building construction, Building materials, Cabinetmaking, Canoes, Carvings, Chairs, Chests, Concealed parts (Furniture), Construction, Core Stock, Decks, Decorative plywood, Decorative veneer, Desks, Dining-room furniture, Domestic flooring, Dowell pins, Dowells, Drawer sides, Excelsior, Factory flooring, Figured veneer, Fine furniture, Floor lamps, Flooring, Furniture , Furniture components, Furniture squares or stock, Furniture, Hatracks, Heavy construction, Interior construction, Joinery, Kitchen cabinets, Lifeboats, Light construction, Living-room suites, Mine timbers, Moldings, Musical instruments, Office furniture, Paneling, Parquet flooring, Particleboard, Plain veneer, Plywood corestock, Plywood, Pulp/Paper products, Radio - stereo - TV cabinets, Rustic furniture, Shipbuilding, Stairworks, Stools, Stringers, Structural plywood, Sub-flooring, Toothpicks, Toys, Turnery, Utility plywood, Vehicle parts, Veneer, Veneer: decorative

Environmental Profile
Abundant/Secure
Status within its natural growth range has not been officially assessed
Data source is World Conservation Monitoring Center

The population of this species is secure within its natural habitat in most areas in its range, including Brunei, Philippines, Borneo, Sabah, and Sarawak

Distribution Overview
The species is distributed in large quantities in Sabah and the PhilippinesParashorea is a comparatively small genus, and is represented over a wide area from Burma, Indo-China, Sumatra and the mala Penisula in the west to Borneo and the Philippines in the east. P. plicata occurs in the Philippines, and is found on practically all the Islands, except in northern Luzon. It is considered as one of the most abundant species in the islands.

Heartwood Color
Brown
Red
Yellow
Purple
Green/grey
Pale brown
Yellow to golden-yellow to orange
Pale red to pink
Greenish to greyish
Reddish brown
Straw colored
Light brown
Brown

The heartwood turns slightly darker upon exposure and tends to darken with age

Sapwood Color
White
Yellow
Brown
Red
White to yellow
Paler than heartwood
Color not distinct from heartwood
Well defined

The sapwood is usually very wide, 2.5 to 3 inches (60 to 80 mm) and is whitish in color when freshly-cut, but darkens to light gray upon drying

Grain
Interlocked
Figure
Stripe (figure)
Straight
Even
Rippled (figure)
Distinct (figure)

Interlocked
Striped figure
Straight
Rippled figure
Distinct figure


Texture
Coarse
Even or uniform
Uniform
Medium coarse to coarse
Coarse
Medium
Even textured


Luster
Medium
Lustrous
Slightly lustrous
Dull


Natural Growth Defects
Brittleheart is often frequent and extensive


Natural Durability
Non-durable
Perishable
Susceptible to insect attack
Non-resistant to marine borers
Non-resistant to powder post beetles
Non-resistant to termites
Non-resistant to termites
Non durable
Moderately durable
Susceptible to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles
Susceptible to attack from termites (Isoptera)
Sapwood is susceptible to wood staining fungal attack
Pinworms (ambrosia beetles) often present in the standing tree
Pinworms (ambrosia beetles) may be present in the felled log
Heartwood is susceptible to wood staining fungal attack
Susceptible to termite attack
Susceptible to marine borer attack
Sapwood susceptible to attack by powder post beetles
Pinworms (ambrosia beetles) are commonly present
Resistant to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles
Moderately resistant to termite (Isoptera) attack

Heartwood has negligible resistance to decay in the tropics and moderate durability in temperate regions

Odor
Has an odor
No specific smell or taste


Toxicity
Sawdust can cause skin irritation in some individuals
Dermatitic effects


Kiln Schedules
Drying (speed) is fast
UK=J US=T10D5S/T8D4S Fr=4
US=T10D5S/T8D4S
UK=J US=T12B5/T11B3
UK=E US=T6D2/T3D1 Fr=5
Kiln Drying Rate (in days) is rapid
Dry at a moderate speed


Drying Defects
Distortion
Moderate twist/warp
Slight surface checking
Moderate surface checking
Slight twist/warp
Slight cupping
Moderate cupping
Moderate collapse and honeycombing
Slight end splitting
Slight collapse and honeycomb
Moderate end spitting
May cup during drying
Drying conditions should be carefully controlled

The lumber requires care during air-drying to prevent warping, checking, and staining

Ease of Drying
Rapidly
Reconditioning Treatement
Easy
Shrinkage from Green to 12% MC
Seasons well if properly stacked
Moderate
Difficult
Air-dries rather well


Radial - 1.6%
Tangential - 4.2%

Kiln Drying Rate
Naturally dries quickly
Rapid (<10 days for boards < 32 mm, to <30 days for boards >= 63 mm)


Tree Identification
Bole/stem form is buttressed
Bole/stem form is cylindrical
Bole/stem form is straight


Tree Size
Tree height is 20-30 m
Trunk diameter is 100-150 cm
Trunk diameter is 150-200 cm


Parashorea trees are described as very large, attaining heights of about 200 feet (60 cm), with trunk diameters of 36 to 60 inches (90 to 150 cm) above large buttresses. Philippine trees reach up to 6 feet (1.8 m) in diameter. They usually develop straight and well formed boles that have merchantable lengths of about 100 feet (30 m). The timber is described as large, reaching a height of 200 feet (60 m), with a trunk diameter of 36 to 60 inches (90 to 150 cm). It develops boles that are straight, cylindrical and clear of branches for about 100 feet (30 m).

Comments
General finishing qualities are rated as good

Tyloses are abundant in the wood. Some trees may contain brittleheart but it extends less than 120 mm from the pith

Blunting Effect
Little
Blunting effect on machining is slight
Slight blunting effect on cutters
Blunting effect on sawing dry wood is moderate


Boring
Fair to good results
Fairly easy to very easy
Good (75+ pieces out of 100 will yield good to excellent results)
Easy


Carving
Fair to Good Results
Fairly Easy to Very Easy
Very good results
Carves well in dry condition


Cutting Resistance
Easy to saw
Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult to saw
Moderate to saw
Cutting Resistance with dry wood is easy
Saws well
Rather low
Cutting Resistance with dry wood is difficult


Gluing
Fairly Easy to Very Easy
Fair to Good Results
Easy to glue
Satisfactory gluing properties


Mortising
Fair to Good Results
Fairly Easy to Very Easy
Good mortising properties
Finishes well


Moulding
Fair to Good Results
Fairly Easy to Very Easy
Easy to mould


Movement in Service
Small
Medium
Holds its shape well after manufacture
Dimensionally stable
Dimensionally stable after seasoning

Retains its shape well in use

Nailing
Fairly Easy to Very Easy
Very Good to Excellent Results
Easy to nail
Holds nails well
Satisfactory nailing properties
Good nailing characteristics
Difficult to nail


Planing
Fairly Easy to Very Easy
Very Good to Excellent Results
Fair to Good Results
Ease of planing is moderate
Easy to plane
The material is rather easy to work, but a 20 degree angle has been recommended in planing quartersawn stock since it tends to tear.
Responds well to hand and machine tools
Planes well, to a good finish
Planes to a poor finish


Resistance to Impregnation
Permeable sapwood
Resistant heartwood
Resistant sapwood
Heartwood is extremely resistant
Sapwood is moderately resistant
Heartwood is resistant


Response to Hand Tools
Easy to Work
Responds Readily
Easy to machine
Moderate working qualities
Slight dulling effect on cutting edges
Responds well to hand tools
Responds very well to hand tools


Routing & Recessing
Fair to Good Results
Fairly Easy to Very Easy
Routing is easy


Sanding
Very Good to Excellent Results
Fairly Easy to Very Easy
Yields a smooth surface
Good sanding properties
Easy to sand


Screwing
Very Good to Excellent Results
Fairly Easy to Very Easy
Easy to screw


Turning
Fair to Good Results
Fairly Easy to Very Easy
Yields fairly smooth surfaces
Yields clean surfaces
Slight blunting effect on cutting edges
Fairly easy turning, boring, mortising and other machining operations

Response to most machine tools is rated as very good

Veneering Qualities
There is slight to moderate drying degrade and the potential for buckles and splits
Easy to cut


Steam Bending
Very poor
Responds rather poorly to hand tools
Poor


Painting
Good results


Polishing
Poor to Very Poor Results
Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult
Good results
Satisfactory results
Polishes rather well after filling


Staining
Finish is generally good
Requires surface preparation
Stains well
Finish is generally satisfactory


Varnishing
Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult
Varnish well after filling
Good results


Strength Properties
Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft.
Max. crushing strength = medium
Hardness (side grain) = soft
Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate
Shrinkage, Radial = very small
Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low
Bending strength (MOR) = medium
Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft.
Shrinkage, Radial = small
Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low
Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low
Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = medium
Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large
Bending strength (MOR) = low
Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = low
Shrinkage, Tangential = very small
Shrinkage, Radial = moderate
Shrinkage, Radial = fairly large
Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = very low
Shrinkage, Volumetric = very small
Shrinkage, Volumetric = small
Shrinkage, Tangential = small
It compares favorably with Teak, which also has high bending strength. Some familiar species with high crushing strength parallel to grain include Hard maple, Teak, and White oak. It resists denting and marring about as well as white oak or birch.
Weight = medium
Shrinkage, Tangential = large
Shrinkage, Radial = large
Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low
Max. crushing strength = high
Hardness (side grain) = very soft
Hardness (side grain) = medium
Density = high
Density (dry weight) = 23-30 lbs/cu. ft.
Crushing strength = high
Compression strength (parallel to grain) = high
Bending strength in the air-dry condition (about 12 percent moisture content) is high
Bending strength (MOR) = high


Numerical Data
ItemGreenDryEnglish
Bending Strength863312540psi
Crushing Strength578843psi
Density33lbs/ft3
Hardness830lbs
Impact Strength2626inches
Maximum Crushing Strength42926726psi
Shearing Strength1274psi
Static Bending51927992psi
Stiffness146416881000 psi
Toughness319inch-lbs
Work to Maximum Load610inch-lbs/in3
Specific Gravity0.410.45
Weight3232lbs/ft3
Radial Shrinkage3%
Tangential Shrinkage7%
Volumetric Shrinkage7%
ItemGreenDryMetric
Bending Strength606881kg/cm2
Crushing Strength4059kg/cm2
Density528kg/m3
Hardness376kg
Impact Strength6565cm
Maximum Crushing Strength301472kg/cm2
Shearing Strength89kg/cm2
Static Bending365561kg/cm2
Stiffness1021181000 kg/cm2
Toughness367cm-kg
Work to Maximum Load0.420.70cm-kg/cm3
Specific Gravity0.410.45
Weight512512kg/m3
Radial Shrinkage3%
Tangential Shrinkage7%

References
Aguilar, L.,1941,Relative Durability of Untreated Philippine woods,The Philippine Journal of Forestry 4(3) pp247-56

Ashton, P.S.,1964,A manual of the Dipterocarp trees of Brunei State,O.U.P. London

Bodig, J. and B. A. Jayne. 1982. Mechanics of Wood and Wood Composites. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York.

Browne, F.G.,1955,Forest Trees of Sarawak and Brunei and their Products.,Government Printing Office, Kuching, Sarawak

Brown, W.H.,1969,Properties and uses of Tropical hardwoods in the United Kingdom. Part 1,Nonstructural properties and uses.,Conference on Tropical hardwoods SC-5/TN-5, Syracuse University

Brown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World, No. 4 South East Asia,TRADA, Red Booklet Series

Brown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World, No.5 Philippines and Japan,TRADA, Red Booklet Series

Burgess, P.F.,1966,Timbers of Sabah,Sabah Forest Record, no.6

Chowdhury, K.A. and S.S. Ghosh. 1958. Indian Woods - Their Identification, Properties and Uses, Volume I - Dilleniaceae to Elaeocarpaceae. Published by the Manager of Publications, Delhi, India.

Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison.

Clifford, N.,1957,Timber Identification for the Builder and Architect,Leonard Hill (Books) LTD. London

Cortes, R.T.,1940,Impact bending properties of twelve Philippine Dipterocarps,Philippine Journal of Forestry 3(3) pp325-43

Desch, H.E.,1948,The Cedars,Wood 13(2) pp40-3

Floresca, A.R.,1974,Shrinkage characteristics of Philippine mahogany,Foxpride Digest 3(1/2) pp85-6

Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1960,Parashorea malaanonan (Blanco) Merr. Consignment 964,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough Timber Leaflet 13

Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1969,The Movement of Timbers,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough Technical Note,No.38

Forests Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1956,A Handbook of Hardwoods,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Department of,Science and Industrial Research, Building Research Establishment

France - Centre Technique du Bois,1967,Les Bois de Lauan,C.T.B. Bull. Inform. Tech. No.41

Howard, A.L.,1948,A Manual of Timbers of the World.,Macmillan & Co. Ltd. London 3rd ed.

I. Soerianegara and R.H.M.J. Lemmens (Editors,1993,Plant Resources of South-East Asia 5,(PROSEA, 1,Timber trees: Major commercial timbers,Pudoc Scientific Publishers, Wageningen 1993

I.U.F.R.O.,1973,Veneer Species of the World,Assembled at F.P.L. Madison on behalf of I.U.F.R.O. Working Party on,Slicing and Veneer Cutting

Keating, W.G., Bolza, E.,1982,Characteristics properties and uses of timbers. South East Asia, Northern,Australia and the Pacific,C.S.I.R.O. Div. Chemical Technology,Inkata Press,1

Kloot, N. H. and E. Bolza. 1961. Properties of Timbers Imported into Australia. Technological Paper No. 12. Division of Forest Products, Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organization, Melbourne, Australia.

Kraemer, J.H.,1951,Trees of the Western Pacific Region,West Lafayette, Indiana U.S.A.

Kukachka, B.F.,1970,Properties of Imported Tropical Woods,Forest Research Paper FPL 125

Kynoch, W., Norton, N.A.,1938,Mechanical Properties of certain tropical woods chiefly from S. America,School of Forestry and Conservation, University of Michigan Bulletin,No.7

Lauricio, F. M., Bellosillo, S. B., The Mechanical and Related Properties of Philippine Woods, The Philippine Lumber Journal, 12(5):A-H

Lavers, G. M. 1966. The Strength Properties of Timbers. Forest Products Research Bulletin, No. 50. Ministry of Technology, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London.

Lavers, G.M.,1983,The Strength Properties of Timber (3rd ed. revised Moore G.L.,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Report (formerly Bulletin No.50)

Lomibao, B.A.,1973,Guide to the identification of the woods of Philippine Dipterocarpaceae,Foxpride Digest 2(2) pp26-34

Meijer, W., Wood, G.H.S.,1964,Dipterocarps of Sabah (North Borneo,Sabah Forest Department, Forest Record No.5

Meniado, J.A.,1974,Timbers of the Philippines Vol.I,Govt. Printing Office, Manila

Reyes, L.J.,1938,Philippine Woods,Commonwealth of the Philippines Department of Agriculture and Commerce,Technical Bulletin,No.7

Sarawak Forest Department,Trees and Timbers of Sarawak and Brunei,Sarawak Forestry Department Leaflet No.34

Schneider, E.E. 1916. Commercial Woods of the Philippines: Their Preparation and Uses. Bulletin No. 14. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Forestry, Manila, Philippines.

Smith, D.N.,1959,The Natural Durability of Timber,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Record,No.30

Tamesis, F., Aguilar, L.,1953,The 'Philippine mahogany' and other Dipterocarp woods,Philippine Department of Agriculture and Natural Research Popular Bulletin,No.44

Thomas, A.V.,1935,Tests from timbers from the state of North Borneo: Tests on urat mata,(Parashorea sp.) and belian (Eusideroxylon zwageri) in a green condition.,Malayan Forester 4 pp131-5

Timber Development Association Ltd.,1955,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Timber Development Association Ltd.

U.S.D.A. Forest Service,1974,Wood Handbook,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Handbook,72

Varian, H.F., Gallardo, A.C.,1940,Notes on the susceptibility to insect attack of Philippine woods,Philippine Journal of forestry 3(3) pp347-78









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