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Clicking any heading in the main data area (at right) will scroll the page back to this top position. Use the following links to jump to the associated section in the main data. Blunting Effect Boring Carving Common Names Common Uses Countries of Distribution Cutting Resistance Drying Defects Ease of Drying Environmental Profile Family Name Gluing Grain Heartwood Color Kiln Schedules Luster Mortising Moulding Nailing Natural Durability Numerical Data Planing Polishing References Regions of Distribution Resistance to Impregnation Resistance to Splitting Response to Hand Tools Routing & Recessing Sanding Sapwood Color Scientific Name Silica Content Strength Properties Synonyms Texture Trade Name Tree Identification Turning Scientific Name Parinari campestris Trade Name Beherada Family Name Chrysobalanaceae Synonyms Parinarium campestre Common Names Beherada, Behoerada, Beurata, Boeirata, Bois bande, Boorhoorada, Broad-leaved burada, Buhurada, Buirata, Burada, Candelwood, Caraipe-rana, Cautoro, Farinha secca, Foengoe, Foengoe hoedoe, Foengoe pau, Fongoupaou, Fongouti, Gaulette blanc, Gris-gris blanc, Koebesini, Koepesiini, Kupisini, Macucu, Mahaicaballi, Makarat, Nefle, Ouroucou-merepa, Pajura de matta, Parinari, Vonkhout, Wamuk, Wamuku, Witte foengoe Regions of Distribution Latin America, Oceania and S.E. Asia Countries of Distribution  [VIEW MAP] Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago Common Uses Boat building: framing, Bridge construction, Flooring, Flooring: industrial heavy traffic, Heavy construction, Light construction, Marine construction, Piling, Railroad ties Environmental Profile Questionable Extinct Endangered Heartwood Color Brown Red Pale red to pink Brown Yellow to golden-yellow to orange Greenish to greyish Pale brown Reddish brown Sapwood Color Yellow Paler than heartwood White to yellow Different than heartwood Grain Straight Interlocked Even Straight Interlocked Texture Coarse Fine Luster Lustrous Natural Durability Perishable Non-resistant to termites Moderately durable Resistant to attack from marine borers Resistant to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles Silica Content Severe Kiln Schedules Drying (speed) is fast Drying Defects Checking Collapse Case Hardening Distortion Slight twist/warp Slight surface checking Slight end splitting Slight spring/bow No cupping, generally Ease of Drying Rapidly Thick Stock Requires Care Moderately Difficult to Difficult Requires special attention Easy Tree Identification Bole/stem form is buttressed Bole/stem form is cylindrical Blunting Effect Little Blunting effect on machining is severe Boring Fair to good results Fairly easy to very easy Carving Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Cutting Resistance Easy to saw Gluing Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Mortising Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Moulding Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Nailing Possible if prebored Nails hold poorly Difficult to nail Planing Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Planes well, to a good finish Planes to a satisfactory finish Resistance to Impregnation Permeable sapwood Resistant sapwood Resistant heartwood Heartwood is permeable Resistance to Splitting Poor Response to Hand Tools Responds Readily Easy to Work Difficult to machine Routing & Recessing Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Sanding Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Turning Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Poor results Polishing Satisfactory results Poor results Strength Properties Density (dry weight) = 46-52 lbs/cu. ft. Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = high Max. crushing strength = high Hardness (side grain) = medium Density (dry weight) = 67-75 lbs/cu.ft Density (dry weight) = 61-67 lbs/cu. ft Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. Bending strength (MOR) = high Shrinkage, Tangential = large Shrinkage, Radial = fairly large Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = medium Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low Max. crushing strength (stiffness) = very low Numerical Data Item Green Dry English Bending Strength 13576 20956 psi Density 49 lbs/ft3 Hardness 1658 lbs Maximum Crushing Strength 6899 9945 psi Shearing Strength 1883 psi Stiffness 2167 2494 1000 psi Work to Maximum Load 7 10 inch-lbs/in3 Weight 48 42 lbs/ft3 Radial Shrinkage 5 % Tangential Shrinkage 10 % Item Green Dry Metric Bending Strength 954 1473 kg/cm2 Density 785 kg/m3 Hardness 752 kg Maximum Crushing Strength 485 699 kg/cm2 Shearing Strength 132 kg/cm2 Stiffness 152 175 1000 kg/cm2 Work to Maximum Load 0.49 0.70 cm-kg/cm3 Weight 769 673 kg/m3 Radial Shrinkage 5 % References Amos, G.L.,1951,Some siliceous timbers of British Guiana,Caribbean Forester (3; 4) 133-7, 139-40. Bena, P.,1960,Essences Forestieres de Guyane,Bureau Agricole et Forestier Guyanais Guyana Berni, C.A., Bolza, E., Christensen, F.J.,1979,South American Timbers - The Characteristics, Properties and Uses of 190,Species,C.S.I.R.O Div. Building Research Fanshawe, D.B.,1954,Forest Products of British Guiana Part 1 Principal Timbers,Forest Department British Guiana Forestry Bulletin (New Series 2nd,Edition,No.1 Polak, A.M.,1992,Major Timber Trees of Guyana A Field Guide,The Tropenbos Foundation Wageningen, The Netherlands Record, S.J., Hess, R.W.,1943,Timbers of the New World,Yale University Press Vink, A.T.,1965,Surinam Timbers,Surinam Forest Service Paramaribo,3rd rev. ed. Wangaard, F.F., et al,1954,Properties and Uses of Tropical Woods 4,Tropical Woods,14(99, pp1-187