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Blunting Effect
Boring
Comments
Common Names
Common Uses
Countries of Distribution
Cutting Resistance
Distribution Overview
Drying Defects
Ease of Drying
Environmental Profile
Family Name
Gluing
Grain
Heartwood Color
Kiln Drying Rate
Kiln Schedules
Luster
Mortising
Moulding
Movement in Service
Nailing
Natural Durability
Numerical Data
Odor
Planing
Polishing
Product Sources
References
Regions of Distribution
Resistance to Impregnation
Resistance to Splitting
Response to Hand Tools
Routing & Recessing
Sanding
Sapwood Color
Scientific Name
Screwing
Staining
Steam Bending
Strength Properties
Synonyms
Texture
Trade Name
Tree Identification
Tree Size
Turning
Varnishing
Veneering Qualities
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Synonyms
Peltogyne paniculata
Common Names
Algarrobito, Algarrobo, Amarante, Amaranth, Amarantholz, Barabu, Bois bagot, Bois de coeur, Bois pourpre, Bois puorpre, Bois violet, Daba, Dachitan, Ellongrypho, Guarabu, Guarabu branc, Guarabu preto, Guarabu rajado, Guarabu roxo, Guarabussu, Guarado vermelho, Hoepelhout, Koeroeboerelli, Kooroobooelli, Koorooboovelli, Koroboreli, Koroborelli, Kuroburelli, Kuruburelli, Lastan, Legno amaranto, Legno porpora, Legno violetto, Madera purpurea, Malako, Marado, Marako, Marawineroo, Morado, Moriadiana, Mu, Nazareno, Palo concha, Palo morado, Palo violeta, Pao rojo, Pao roxo, Pau ferro, Pau roxo, Pinyaukun, Poerprehati, Pourpre, Puperhart, Purperhart, Purpleheart, Purplewood, Purpuurhart, Rajado, Rarabu, Sacka, Sackaballi, Saka, Sakavalli, Sapater, Simirirang, Tananeo, Tangapaou, Tannaneo, Violet wood, Violetholz, Violetwood, Zapatero, Zeedrat
Regions of Distribution
Central America, Latin America, Oceania and S.E. Asia
Countries of Distribution
[VIEW MAP]
Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Columbia, French Guiana, Guyana, Mexico, Suriname, Venezuela
Common Uses
Agricultural implements, Bedroom suites, Billiard-cue butts, Boat building (general), Boat building, Boat building: decking, Boat building: framing, Bridge beams, Bridge construction, Bridge joists, Building construction, Building materials, Cabinetmaking, Canoes, Carvings, Chairs, Construction, Decks, Decorative veneer, Dining-room furniture, Docks, Dockwork, Domestic flooring, Door, Factory construction, Figured veneer, Fine furniture, Flooring, Furniture , Furniture components, Furniture squares or stock, Furniture, Handles, Harbor work, Heavy construction, Interior construction, Joinery (external): ground contact, Joinery, Light construction, Living-room suites, Marine construction, Marquetry, Millwork, Mine timbers, Moldings, Musical instruments, Office furniture, Paneling, Parquet flooring, Piling, Poles, Railroad ties, Shafts/Handles, Shipbuilding, Skis, Sporting Goods, Stair rails, Stairworks, Structural work, Tables , Tables, Tool handles, Turnery, Vats, Vehicle parts, Veneer: decorative, Walking sticks, Wharf construction, Wheel spokes, Wheels
Environmental Profile
| Status within its natural growth range has not been officially assessed |
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Distribution Overview
The name Purpleheart is the trade of timber produced by about 20 species in the genus Peltogyne, including P. paniculata, which are found in Central America and tropical South America, from Mexico to southern Brazil. They are most common in the Amazon basin, and also grow in Colombia, Guyana, Surinam, and Venezuela
Heartwood Color
| Brown |
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| Black |
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| Green/grey |
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| Yellow |
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| Red |
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| Orange |
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| Purple |
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| Dark brown |
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| Brown |
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| Greenish to greyish |
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| Red |
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The heartwood is dull-brown when freshly cut, but it changes rapidly to the vivid and well known purple color. Prolonged exposure to ultra-violet rays of the sun tones down the color to a medium or dark purple-brown. Recutting is reported to restore the wood to its original color
Sapwood Color
| White |
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| Yellow |
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| White to yellow |
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| Well defined |
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| Pale red when freshly cut, but ages to a rich red color |
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| Not always clearly differentiated from the heartwood |
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| Different than heartwood |
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| Becomes bright red, coral pink with dark streaks, purplish-brown, or black with age |
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It is usually about 2 to 4 inches (5 to 10 cm) wide in the mature tree
Grain
| Straight |
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| Interlocked |
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| Figure |
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| Wavy |
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| Stripe (figure) |
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| Closed |
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| Even |
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| Distinct (figure) |
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| Straight |
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| Interlocked |
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| Wavy |
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| Striped figure |
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| Distinct figure |
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The grain is typically straight. Material with slightly irregular grain exhibits a particularly interesting grain pattern on quartersawn surfaces.
Texture
| Medium |
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| Fine |
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| Fine to medium |
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| Fine |
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| Medium |
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| Fair to medium coarse |
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Luster
| Lustrous |
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| Dull |
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| Pronounced |
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| Medium |
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Natural Durability
| Very durable |
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| Resistant to termites |
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| Resistant to marine borers |
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| Susceptible to insect attack |
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| Resistant to powder post beetles |
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| Very durable |
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| Resistant to attack from termites (Isoptera) |
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| Durable |
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| Susceptible to marine borer attack |
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| Moderately resistant to termite (Isoptera) attack |
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| Susceptible to attack from termites (Isoptera) |
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| Susceptible to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles |
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| Highly resistant to decay |
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The timber is prone to blue-stain, has high resistance to acids and is usually used in the untreated condition
Odor
| No specific smell or taste |
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Kiln Schedules
| Dry at a slow speed |
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| UK=E US=T6D2/T3D1 Fr=5 |
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| Kiln Drying Rate (in days) is rapid |
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| Kiln Drying Rate (in days) is fairly rapid |
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| Kiln Drying Rate (in days) is slow |
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Drying Defects
| Checking |
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| Slight surface checking |
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| Moderate twist/warp |
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| Expect resin/gum exudation |
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| Moderate end spitting |
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| Slight end splitting |
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| Slight twist/warp |
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| Severe end splitting |
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Warping and twisting may occur during drying. There may also be occasional checking but these close up tightly at the end of kiln-drying.
Ease of Drying
| Fairly Easy |
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| Slowly |
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| Moderate |
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| Difficult |
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| Variable results. |
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| Easy |
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Both 1-inch and 2-inch (25 and 50 mm) boards are reported to kiln-dry fairly rapidly from the green condition despite very high initial moisture contents (up to 200%). Drying time can be reduced considerably if stock is air-seasoned to 30% moisture content before kilning
Kiln Drying Rate
| Naturally dries slowly |
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| Rapid |
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| Drying rate is fairly rapid to fast |
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| Naturally dries at a moderate speed |
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| Fairly rapid (11-17 days for boards under 32 mm, to 31-51 days for boards greater than 63 mm) |
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| Very slow (>28 days for boards < 32 mm, to >84 days for boards >= 63 mm) |
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Tree Identification
| Bole/stem form is buttressed |
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| Bole/stem form is not buttressed |
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Tree Size
| Tree height is 20-30 m |
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| Sapwood width is 0-5 cm |
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| Trunk diameter is 100-150 cm |
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The trees are tall, attaining heights of 100 to 150 feet (30 to 45 m) and trunk diameters of up to 48 inches (120 cm), but usually between 18 and 36 inches (45 and 90 cm).
Product Sources
The ITTO reports that timber production from this species is regular. The material is exported at a low but regular rate.
Supplies are ample, but the wood is fairly expensive. It costs more than mahogany but less than teak. Although it has not found wide demand, Purpleheart is available on the US market in both the lumber and veneer forms.
Limited quantities of Purpleheart in long lengths and wide boards are available on the European market at prices that are comparable to those of medium cost hardwoods. For construction use, Purpleheart is available for shipping in the dry condition only
Comments
General finishing qualities are rated as good
Mechanical properties of the wood are reported to lie somewhere between those of Greenheart (Ocotea ) and Oak (Quercus ). It has exceptional tolerance for shock loading. Purpleheart is highly desired by hobbyists and craftsmen who use the hard heavy wood in small projects. To protect against ultra-violet fading, a coat of Armorall, a car finish product, under a lacqeur application has been suggested. The treatment is reported to hold the color of the wood rather well against fading
Blunting Effect
| High to severe |
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| Blunting effect on machining is fairly severe |
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| Blunting effect on machining is severe |
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| Blunting effect on sawing dry wood is moderate |
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| Blunting effect on machining is moderate |
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| Blunting effect on sawing dry wood is severe |
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The wood has some blunting effect on cutting tools
Boring
| Fairly easy to very easy |
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| Use very sharp cutting edges to prevent grain from tearing |
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| Good (75+ pieces out of 100 will yield good to excellent results) |
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| Easy |
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| Difficult |
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Cutting Resistance
| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult to saw |
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| Cutting Resistance with dry wood is easy |
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| Cutting resistance with dry wood is variable |
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| Cutting Resistance with dry wood is difficult |
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| Low cutting resistance because of softness |
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Gum in the wood may pose problems.
Gluing
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Easy to glue |
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| Moderate gluing properties |
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| Glues well |
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Mortising
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Moderately easy to mortise |
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| Easy to mortise |
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The wood requires very sharp cutting edges for smoothly machined surfaces
Moulding
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Moulding ease is moderate |
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| Good finishing results |
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| Easy to mould |
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Moulding properties are generally good in straight-grained material, especially if cutters are kept sharp. Wood containing wavy or interlocked grain tends to be difficult to mould
Movement in Service
| Fair to Good Stability - Medium Movement |
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| Excellent Stability - Small Movement |
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| Medium |
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Nailing
| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
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| Pre-Boring Recommended |
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| Easy to nail |
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| Pre-Boring is necessary |
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| Possible if prebored |
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| Holds nails well |
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Planing
| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Easy to plane |
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| Ease of planing is moderate |
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| Planes well, to a good finish |
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| Hard, heavy wood dulls cutting edges severely |
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High density and gummy resin content are reported to make Purpleheart less than easy to work in most machining operations. Sharp, high-speed steel knives, as well as 15 degree cutting angles have been recommended. Material with interlocked or wavy grain are especially difficult to plane and mould
Resistance to Impregnation
| Resistant heartwood |
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| Resistant sapwood |
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| Sapwood is permeable |
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| Heartwood is extremely resistant |
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| Heartwood is resistant |
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Resistance to Splitting
Response to Hand Tools
| Fairly Difficult to Difficult to Work |
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| Moderate working qualities |
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| Difficult to machine |
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| Variable qualities |
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| Responds very well to hand tools |
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| Easy to machine |
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Routing & Recessing
| Routing yields good results |
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| Responds well to very sharp cutting tools |
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| Moderately easy |
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Sanding
| Good sanding finish |
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| Easy to sand |
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Screwing
Turning
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Easy to turn |
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| Good results |
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Turning operations are easier with sharp cutters
Veneering Qualities
Steam Bending
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Steaming can affect the color of the wood |
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| Moderate |
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Polishing
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Satisfactory results |
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| Material takes a high polish |
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| Good results |
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Staining
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Finish is generally satisfactory |
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| Takes most finishes well |
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Spirit finishes are reported to take away the purple coloring. Wax is the only recommended finish if the rich natural color is to be preserved.
Varnishing
| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Satisfactory |
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Strength Properties
| Bending strength (MOR) = high |
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| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very high |
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| Hardness (side grain) = very hard |
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| Max. crushing strength = very high |
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| Max. crushing strength = high |
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| Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = medium |
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| Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = high |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large |
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| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = high |
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| Hardness (side grain) = hard |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = very high |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = small |
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| Density (dry weight) = 53-60 lbs/cu. ft |
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| Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = medium |
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| Shrinkage, Volumetric = fairly large |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = very small |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = fairly large |
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| Density (dry weight) = 61-67 lbs/cu. ft |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = very small |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = small |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = moderate |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = large |
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| Density (dry weight) = 46-52 lbs/cu. ft. |
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| Weight = very heavy |
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| Shrinkage, Volumetric = moderate |
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| Hardness (side grain) = medium |
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| Density = very high |
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| Density (dry weight) = >75 lbs/cu. ft |
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| Density (dry weight) = 67-75 lbs/cu.ft |
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| Compression strength (parallel to grain) = very high |
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| Bending strength in the air-dry condition (about 12 percent moisture content) is very high |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = medium |
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It is hard and superior to Teak and probably Mahogany
Numerical Data
| Item | Green | Dry | English |
| | | |
| Bending Strength | 15821 | 22461 | psi |
| Density | | 57 | lbs/ft3 |
| Hardness | | 2713 | lbs |
| Impact Strength | 40 | 44 | inches |
| Maximum Crushing Strength | 8360 | 11589 | psi |
| Shearing Strength | | 2658 | psi |
| Stiffness | 2355 | 2628 | 1000 psi |
| Toughness | | 271 | inch-lbs |
| Work to Maximum Load | 15 | 20 | inch-lbs/in3 |
| Specific Gravity | 0.73 | 0.78 | |
| Weight | 57 | 54 | lbs/ft3 |
| Radial Shrinkage | 3 | | % |
| Tangential Shrinkage | 6 | | % |
| Volumetric Shrinkage | 11 | | % |
| | | |
| Item | Green | Dry | Metric |
| | | |
| Bending Strength | 1112 | 1579 | kg/cm2 |
| Density | | 913 | kg/m3 |
| Hardness | | 1230 | kg |
| Impact Strength | 101 | 111 | cm |
| Maximum Crushing Strength | 587 | 814 | kg/cm2 |
| Shearing Strength | | 186 | kg/cm2 |
| Stiffness | 165 | 184 | 1000 kg/cm2 |
| Toughness | | 312 | cm-kg |
| Work to Maximum Load | 1.05 | 1.40 | cm-kg/cm3 |
| Specific Gravity | 0.73 | 0.78 | |
| Weight | 913 | 865 | kg/m3 |
| Radial Shrinkage | 3 | | % |
| Tangential Shrinkage | 6 | | % |
References
Bena, P.,1960,Essences Forestieres de Guyane,Bureau Agricole et Forestier Guyanais Guyana
Berni, C.A., Bolza, E., Christensen, F.J.,1979,South American Timbers - The Characteristics, Properties and Uses of 190,Species,C.S.I.R.O Div. Building Research
Bois et Forets des Tropiques,1954,Mukulungu (Autranella congolensis,Bois et Forets des Tropiques,36,pp25-28
Boone, R.S., C.J. Kozlik, P.J. Bois, E.M. Wengert. 1988. Dry Kiln Schedules for Commercial Hardwoods - Temperate and Tropical. USDA, Forest Service, General Technical Report FPL-GTR-57, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.
Brown, W.H.,1969,Properties and uses of Tropical hardwoods in the United Kingdom. Part 1,Nonstructural properties and uses.,Conference on Tropical hardwoods SC-5/TN-5, Syracuse University
Brown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World, No. 2 South America,TRADA, Red Booklet Series
Chen, C.L.,1962,The Physical Properties of 101 Chinese Woods,Forest Products Journal 12(7) pp339-42
Chichignoud, M., G. Deon, P. Detienne, B. Parant and P. Vantomme. 1990. Tropical Timber Atlas of Latin America. International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO, Centre Technique Forestier Tropical, Division of CIRAD, 45 bis Avenue de la Belle Gabrielle, Nogent-sur-Marne, CEDEX, France.
Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison.
Clark, H.S.,1931,Use of Amaranth (Peltogyne pubescens) for Interior trim and Flooring,Tropical Woods 4(25) pp1-3
Clifford, N.,1953,Commercial Hardwoods - Their Characteristics Identification and,Utilization,Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons Ltd. London
Clifford, N.,1957,Timber Identification for the Builder and Architect,Leonard Hill (Books) LTD. London
Edmondson, C.H.,1949,Reaction of Woods from S.America and Caribbean areas to Marine Borers in,Hawaiian Waters,Caribbean Foresters,10(1,PP37-41
Erfurth, T., Rusche, H.,1976,The Marketing of Tropical Wood B. Wood Species from S. American Tropical,Moist Forests,F.A.O. Forestry Department
Fanshawe, D.B.,1948,Studies of the Trees of British Guiana Part 3,Tropical Woods,12(93,pp1-28
Fanshawe, D.B.,1954,Forest Products of British Guiana Part 1 Principal Timbers,Forest Department British Guiana Forestry Bulletin (New Series 2nd,Edition,No.1
Farmer, R.H.,1972,Handbook of Hardwoods,HMSO
Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1932,Preliminary tests on Timbers, Investigated under the auspices of the,Empire Timbers Committee: Properties of Purpleheart, Peltogyne pubescens,Benth,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough Project 22,Investigation 11 21pp
Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1935,Preliminary Tests on Timbers, Investigated under the auspices of the,Empire Timbers Committee: Properties of Purpleheart, Peltogyne pubescens,Benth. Addendum properties of air seasoned materials.,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough Project 22,Investigation 11 6pp
Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1945,A Handbook of Empire Timbers,Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Forest Products Research
Forests Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1956,A Handbook of Hardwoods,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Department of,Science and Industrial Research, Building Research Establishment
Guna et al, S.R.D.,1945,Notes on British Guiana Timbers,The 'Daily Chronicle' Ltd. Printers,28PP
Guyana Forest Department,1951,British Guiana Timbers - Purpleheart (Peltogyne Spp.,British Guiana Forestry Department Leaflet No.4
Harrar, E.S.,1942,Some Physical Properties of Modern Cabinet Woods 3. Directional and Volume,Shrinkage,Tropical Woods,9(71, pp26-32
HMSO. 1972. Handbook of Hardwoods, 2nd Edition. Revised by R.H. Farmer. Department of the Environment, Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough Laboratory, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London.
Jackson, A. and D. Day. 1991. Good Wood Handbook - The Woodworker's Guide to Identifying, Selecting and Using the Right Wood. Betterway Publications, Cincinnati, Ohio.
Kaiser, J. 1990. Wood of the Month Annual - Purpleheart:The Beautiful Oddball. Supplement to Wood and Wood Products, September 1990. Page 8A.
Kline, M. 1980. Peltogyne paniculata - Purpleheart. In A Guide to Useful Woods of the World. Flynn Jr., J.H., Editor. King Philip Publishing Co., Portland, Maine. 1994. Page 262-263.
Kukachka, B.F.,1970,Properties of Imported Tropical Woods,Forest Research Paper FPL 125
Kynoch, W., Norton, N.A.,1938,Mechanical Properties of certain tropical woods chiefly from S. America,School of Forestry and Conservation, University of Michigan Bulletin,No.7
Lavers, G.M. 1967. The Strength Properties of Timbers. Ministry of Technology, Forest Products Research, Bulletin No. 50. Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London.
Lincoln, W.A. 1986. World Woods in Color. Linden Publishing Co. Inc., Fresno, California.
Longwood, F.R.,1962,Commercial Timbers of the Caribbean,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook,No.207
Nairn, P.M., Editor. 1936. Wood Specimens - 100 Reproductions in Color - A Series of Selected Timbers Reproduced in Natural Color with Introduction and Annotations by H.A. Cox. The Nema Press, Proprietors of Wood, London.
Record, S.J., Hess, R.W.,1943,Timbers of the New World,Yale University Press
Reyes, L.J.,1938,Philippine Woods,Commonwealth of the Philippines Department of Agriculture and Commerce,Technical Bulletin,No.7
Smith, D.N.,1959,The Natural Durability of Timber,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Record,No.30
Surinam Forest Service,1952,Surinam Timber - A Summary with brief descriptions of the main timber,species of Surinam,Surinam Forest Service
Takahashi, A.,1975,Compilation of data on the Mechanical Properties of Foreign Woods (Part 2,Central and South America,Shimane University, Japan, Research Report on Foreign Wood No.4
Timber Development Association Ltd.,1955,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Timber Development Association Ltd.
Timber Development Association,1948,Some New Timbers and Their Uses No. 34,Timber Development Association Limited, London [TRADA]
Tropical Timber Information Centre,1975,Purpleheart (Peltogyne Spp.,State University, New York TTIC Brief No.25
Vink, A.T.,1965,Surinam Timbers,Surinam Forest Service Paramaribo,3rd rev. ed.
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