Clicking
any heading in the main data area (at right) will scroll the page back
to this top position.
Use the following links to
jump to the associated section in the main data.
Blunting Effect
Boring
Carving
Comments
Common Names
Common Uses
Countries of Distribution
Cutting Resistance
Distribution Overview
Drying Defects
Ease of Drying
Environmental Profile
Family Name
Gluing
Grain
Heartwood Color
Kiln Drying Rate
Kiln Schedules
Light-Induced Color Change
Luster
Mortising
Moulding
Movement in Service
Nailing
Natural Durability
Numerical Data
Odor
Painting
Planing
Polishing
Product Sources
References
Regions of Distribution
Resistance to Impregnation
Response to Hand Tools
Routing & Recessing
Sanding
Sapwood Color
Scientific Name
Screwing
Staining
Steam Bending
Strength Properties
Substitutes
Texture
Trade Name
Tree Identification
Tree Size
Turning
Varnishing
Veneering Qualities
| |
Common Names
Black spruce, Californian coast spruce, Coast spruce, Menzies spruce, Silk spruce, Silver spruce, Sitka spruce, Spruce, Tideland spruce, Western spruce, Yellow spruce
Regions of Distribution
North America
Countries of Distribution
[VIEW MAP]
Canada, United States
Common Uses
Beams, Boat building (general), Boat building: masts, Boxes and crates, Building construction, Building materials, Cabin construction, Cabinetmaking, Casks, Ceiling, Concrete formwork, Construction, Cooperages, Decks, Exterior trim & siding, Exterior uses, Factory construction, Food containers, Form work, Foundation posts, Framing, Furniture, Heavy construction, Interior construction, Joinery, Joists, Ladders, Light construction, Millwork, Mine timbers, Musical instruments, Musical instruments: piano, Oars, Packing cases, Pallets, Paneling , Particleboard, Plywood, Poles, Porch columns, Pulp/Paper products, Pulpwood, Rough construction, Siding, Utility poles, Vehicle parts, Wainscotting
Environmental Profile
| Abundant/Secure |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Widespread |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Rare in parts of its range, especially at the periphery of its range |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Globally secure |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Data source is Nature Conservancy |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Abundant |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Distribution Overview
Sitka spruce occurs in British Columbia, Yukon Territory, Alaska, California, Oregon, and Washington. It grows in coastal forests in the fog belt, which is a narrow strip containing high rainfall and cool climate, and is usually found in pure stands and in association with Western hemlock at elevations of up to 3000 feet (914 m) in Alaska, and below 1200 feet (366 m) in California.
Heartwood Color
| Red |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Brown |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yellow |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Orange |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| White |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Purple |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Pink |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Pale red to pink |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| White to cream |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Pale brown |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yellow to golden-yellow to orange |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Brown |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Reddish brown |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dark brown |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The heartwood is pinkish, or light pinkish yellow to pale brown with a purplish cast. The color darkens upon exposure to silvery brown with a faint tinge of red.
Sapwood Color
| White |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yellow |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Color not distinct from heartwood |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| White to yellow |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Paler than heartwood |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Well defined |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Light yellow brown or pale orange brown, eventually aging into deep golden-brown |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Creamy white |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Merges gradually into the heartwood
Grain
| Straight |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Figure |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Distinct (figure) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Growth rings (figure) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Spiral |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Even |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Crossed |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Very fine |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Other (figure) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Generally straight, but not always |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Spiral |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Clear growth rings (figure) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Distinct figure |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Other figure |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Figure occurrence is very fine and distinct |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Even |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Distinct figure |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dimpled on tangential surfaces. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Distinct annual rings are important when quartersawing soundboards for musical instruments
Texture
| Medium |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Coarse |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Fine |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Fine |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Medium |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Fine to medium |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Even textured |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Coarse |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Luster
| Low |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Medium |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Lustrous |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Slightly lustrous |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Natural Durability
| Susceptible to insect attack |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Resistant to powder post beetles |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Moderately durable |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Durable |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Perishable |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Non-resistant to termites |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Non-resistant to marine borers |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Non-durable |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Non durable |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Moderately durable |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Susceptible to attack from termites (Isoptera) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Resistant to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Resistant to attack from pinworms (ambrosia beetles) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Pinworms (ambrosia beetles) may be present in the felled log |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Heartwood has very little resistance to decay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Sitka spruce should not be used under high decay hazard conitions without chemical protection. Standing trees are vulnerable to blowdowns, as well as attack by insects, disease organisms and animals.
Odor
| Has an odor |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| No specific smell or taste |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Light-Induced Color Change
Kiln Schedules
| Drying (speed) is fast |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dry at a moderate speed |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| UK=J US=T10D5S/T8D4S Fr=4 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| UK=F US=T6D4/T3D3 Fr=6 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| UK=J US=T12B5/T11B3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Drying Defects
| Resin Exudation |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Slight end splitting |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Slight twist/warp |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Expect slight degrade due to knots, splits, and loosening |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Moderate twist/warp |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Moderate end spitting |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Moderate collapse and honeycombing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Checks, splits, and raised grain are some of the common drying degrades found in young growth Sitka spruce. The defects are often caused by the presence of juvenile wood
Ease of Drying
| Fairly Easy |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gum Exudation |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Slowly |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Reconditioning Treatement |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Moderately Difficult to Difficult |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Easy |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Moderate |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Sitka spruce air-seasons and kiln-dry readily
Kiln Drying Rate
| Naturally dries at a moderate speed |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Naturally dries slowly |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Tree Identification
| Bole/stem form is buttressed |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Bole/stem form is unknown |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Tree Size
| Trunk diameter is 100-150 cm |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Tree height is 30-40 m |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Bole length is 10-20 m |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Sapwood width is 5-10 cm |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Tree height is 20-30 m |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Sapwood width is 0-5 cm |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Tree height is 40-50 m |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Tree height is 10-20 m |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Sitka spruce is vigorous and fast-growing and is considered to be the world's largest spruce. it is tall and has a straight trunk that is reported to yiels considerable amounts of clear lumber. The diameter of the trunk is usually 36 to 72 inches (90 to 180 cm) above buttresses, but may be as large as 84 inches (213 cm). The largest recorded is 168 inches (416 cm) in the state of Washington. Forest-grown trees are, however, smaller
Product Sources
Sitka spruce is capable of producing large volumes of clear, straight-grained lumber because of its size. The wood is sometimes sold in a mixture with White spruce, True firs, and other softwoods which makes it rather difficult to isolate commercially. Material for musical instruments has a market of its own, and the selection process is highly specialized. Sitka spruce is the primary source of timber in Alaska.
Substitutes
Simarouba (Simarouba amara)
Comments
General finishing qualities are rated as good
Blunting Effect
| Moderate |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Little |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Blunting effect on machining is slight |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Little blunting effect on cutting tools |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Boring
| Fairly easy to very easy |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Fair to good results |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Easy |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Responds very well to boring |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Carving
| Fair to Good Results |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cutting Resistance
| Easy to saw |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gum-Up |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult to saw |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Moderate to saw |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Rather small |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Gluing
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Fair to Good Results |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Easy to glue |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Excellent gluing properties |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mortising
| Fair to Good Results |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Finishes well |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Easy to mortise |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Very good mortising characteristics |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Moulding
| Fair to Good Results |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Good finishing results |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Easy to mould |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Very good moulding properties |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Movement in Service
Nailing
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Fair to Good Results |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Very Good to Excellent Results |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Holds nails well |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Easy to nail |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Holds satisfactorily |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Excellent resistance to splitting in nailing operations |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Planing
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Fair to Good Results |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Very Good to Excellent Results |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Planes well, to a good finish |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Easy to plane |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Very good planing properties |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Sitka spruce is rated as one of the easiest woods to cut
Resistance to Impregnation
| Permeable sapwood |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Resistant heartwood |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Resistant sapwood |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Heartwood is resistant |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Sapwood is moderately resistant |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Resistance to impregnation is moderate. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Response to Hand Tools
| Easy to Work |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Responds Readily |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Fairly Difficult to Difficult to Work |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Easy to machine |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Difficult to machine |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Wood from fast-grown trees requires very sharp cutting edges to avoid tearing of earlywood bands. The timber is, however, generally easy to work with hand tools in most operations.
Routing & Recessing
| Fair to Good Results |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Routing yields good results |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Routing is easy |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Sanding
| Fair to Good Results |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Sanding characteristics are rather good
Screwing
| Easy to screw |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Screwing yields good results |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Screwing yields satisfactory results |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Good screw holding properties |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Excellent screwing properties |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Turning
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Poor to Very Poor Results |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Fair to Good Results |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Good results |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Easy to turn |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The wood is reported to turn very well, especially old growth knot-free stock
Veneering Qualities
| Veneers easily |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Veneers moderately easy |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Difficult to veneer |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Suitable for peeling |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| There is slight to moderate drying degrade and the potential for buckles and splits |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Moderately easy to veneer |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Easy to cut |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Steam Bending
| Good steam bending properties |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Painting
| Good results |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Satisfactory results |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Polishing
| Fair to Good Results |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Satisfactory results |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Good results |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Staining
| Finish is generally good |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Good staining qualities |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Finish is generally satisfactory |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Varnishing
Strength Properties
| Density (dry weight) = 23-30 lbs/cu. ft. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Low |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Hardness (side grain) = very soft |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Work to Maximum Load = very low |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Medium |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Low |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Low |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Shrinkage, Radial = moderate |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Low |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Very small |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = very low |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Small |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Medium |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Low |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 31-37 lbs/cu. ft. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Toughness (total work) = very low |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Small |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mor/Bending strength = very low |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Medium |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Medium |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Max. crushing strength = very low |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Low |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| High |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Itka spruce has one of the highest strength-to-weight ratios. Bending strength is in the air-dry condition (about 12 percent moisture content) medium. It has medium compression strength parallel to grain. The wood is soft, and surfaces may dent easily. Weight is moderate, and density is average, or medium. Its natural resonance qualities make Sitka spruce an ideal choice for musical instrument soundboards.
Numerical Data
| Item | Green | Dry | English |
| | | |
| Bending Strength | 5751 | 10000 | psi |
| Crushing Strength | 274 | 603 | psi |
| Density | | 27 | lbs/ft3 |
| Hardness | | 417 | lbs |
| Impact Strength | 22 | 27 | inches |
| Maximum Crushing Strength | 2855 | 5454 | psi |
| Shearing Strength | | 1059 | psi |
| Static Bending | 3038 | 6468 | psi |
| Stiffness | 1239 | 1579 | 1000 psi |
| Toughness | | 142 | inch-lbs |
| Work to Maximum Load | 5 | 8 | inch-lbs/in3 |
| Specific Gravity | 0.32 | 0.36 | |
| Weight | 25 | 25 | lbs/ft3 |
| Radial Shrinkage | 3 | | % |
| Tangential Shrinkage | 7 | | % |
| Volumetric Shrinkage | 11 | | % |
| | | |
| Item | Green | Dry | Metric |
| | | |
| Bending Strength | 404 | 703 | kg/cm2 |
| Crushing Strength | 19 | 42 | kg/cm2 |
| Density | | 432 | kg/m3 |
| Hardness | | 189 | kg |
| Impact Strength | 55 | 68 | cm |
| Maximum Crushing Strength | 200 | 383 | kg/cm2 |
| Shearing Strength | | 74 | kg/cm2 |
| Static Bending | 213 | 454 | kg/cm2 |
| Stiffness | 87 | 111 | 1000 kg/cm2 |
| Toughness | | 163 | cm-kg |
| Work to Maximum Load | 0.35 | 0.56 | cm-kg/cm3 |
| Specific Gravity | 0.32 | 0.36 | |
| Weight | 400 | 400 | kg/m3 |
| Radial Shrinkage | 3 | | % |
| Tangential Shrinkage | 7 | | % |
References
Boone, R.S., C.J. Kozlik, P.J. Bois and E.M. Wengert. 1988. Dry Kiln Schedules for Commercial Woods: Temperate and Tropical. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, General Technical Report FPL-GTR-57, Madison, Wisconsin.
Brown, H.P. and Panshin, A.J.,1940,Commercial Timbers of the United States Their structure, identification,,properties and uses,McGraw-Hill, London
Brown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World: - No.7 North America,TRADA
Canadian Forestry Service. 1981. Canadian Woods - Their Properties and Uses. Third Edition. E.J. Mullins and T.S. McKnight, Editors. Published by University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Canada.
Clifford, N.,1957,Timber Identification for the Builder and Architect,Leonard Hill (Books) LTD. London
Dallimore, W. and Jackson, A. Bruce,1966,A Handbook of Coniferae and Ginkgoaceae Fourth Ed. Revised by S.G.,Harrison,Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd. London
Findlay, W.P.K.,1975,Timber: Properties and Uses,Crosby Lockwood Staples London,224PP
Flynn Jr., J.H. 1993. Picea sitchensis - Sitka spruce. In A Guide to Useful Woods of the World. Flynn Jr., J.H., Editor. King Philip Publishing Co., Portland, Maine. 1994. Page 265-266.
Forest Products Research Laboratory U.K.,1957,A Handbook of Softwoods,Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Forest Products Research,HMSO
Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1937,A Handbook of Home-Grown Timbers,HMSO
Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1945,A Handbook of Empire Timbers,Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Forest Products Research
I.U.F.R.O.,1973,Veneer Species of the World,Assembled at F.P.L. Madison on behalf of I.U.F.R.O. Working Party on,Slicing and Veneer Cutting
Jackson, A. and D. Day. 1991. Good Wood Handbook - The Woodworker's Guide to Identifying, Selecting and Using the Right Wood. Betterway Publications, Cincinnati, Ohio.
Kloot, N.H., Bolza, E.,1961,Properties of Timbers Imported into Australia,C.S.I.R.O. Forest Products Division Technological Paper,No.12
Lavers, G.M.,1983,The Strength Properties of Timber (3rd ed. revised Moore G.L.,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Report (formerly Bulletin No.50)
Little, E.L. 1980. The Audobon Society Field Guide to North American Trees - Western Region. Published by Arthur A. Knopf, New York.
Markwardt, L.J., Wilson, T.R.C.,1935,Strength and related properties of woods grown in the United States,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin,No.479
Mullins, E.J. and McKnight, T.S.,1981,Canadian Woods Their Properties and Uses,University of Toronto Press 3rd Edition
Panshin, A.J. and C. deZeeuw. 1980. Textbook of Wood Technology, 4th Edition. McGraw-Hill Series in Forest Resources. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York.
Patterson, D.,1988,Commercial Timbers of the World, 5th Edition,Gower Technical Press
Record, S.J., Hess, R.W.,1943,Timbers of the New World,Yale University Press
Redding, L.W.,1971,Resistance of Timbers to Impregnation with Creosote,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Bulletin No.54 pp.43
Rendle, B.J.,1969,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Ernest Benn Ltd. London
Rijsdijk, L.F. and Laming, P.B.,1994,Physical and Related Properties of 145 Timbers, Information for,Practice,TNO Building and Construction Research Centre for Timber Research Kluwer,Academic Publishers
Stone, H.,1924,The Timbers of Commerce and their Identification,William Rider & Sons Ltd. London
T.R.A.D.A.,1942,Home-grown timber trees - their characteristics, cultivation and Uses,TRADA
Thomas, A.V.,1964,Timbers Used in the Boat Building Industry A Survey,Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Forest Products Research,Laboratory
Timber Development Association Ltd.,1955,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Timber Development Association Ltd.
Titmuss, F.H.,1965,Commercial Timbers of the World,Technical Press Ltd., London, 3rd edition
U.S.D.A. Forest Service,1974,Wood Handbook,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Handbook,72
USDA. 1987. Wood Handbook - Wood as an Engineering Material, Forest Service, Agriculture Handbook No. 72, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.
USDA. 1988. Dry Kiln Operators Manual, Preliminary Copy. Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.
Western Wood Products Association. 19__. Softwoods of the Western USA. Published and Distributed by the Western Wood Products Association, Yeon Building, 522 S.W. Fifth Avenue, Portland, Oregon.
Wolcott, G.N.,1950,An Index to the Termite Resistance of Woods,Agricultural Experimental Station, University of Puerto Rico Bulletin,No.85
Woodfin, R.O.,1973,American Woods Sitka Spruce,USDA, Forest Service American Woods FS-265
|
|
Search
the web for anything relating to wood and forest products.
|
|
Search
the web for anything relating to wood and forest products.
|
|
