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Blunting Effect
Boring
Certified Source
Common Names
Common Uses
Countries of Distribution
Cutting Resistance
Distribution Overview
Drying Defects
Ease of Drying
Environmental Profile
Family Name
Gluing
Grain
Heartwood Color
Kiln Drying Rate
Kiln Schedules
Luster
Mortising
Moulding
Movement in Service
Nailing
Natural Durability
Numerical Data
Odor
Painting
Planing
Polishing
Product Sources
References
Regions of Distribution
Resin Content
Resistance to Impregnation
Resistance to Splitting
Response to Hand Tools
Sanding
Sapwood Color
Scientific Name
Screwing
Staining
Strength Properties
Texture
Trade Name
Tree Identification
Tree Size
Turning
Varnishing
Veneering Qualities
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Common Names
Banks pine, Banksian pine, Black pine, Cypress pine, Gray pine, Grey pine, Hudson Bay pine, Jack pine, Juniper bull pine, Northern scrub pine, Pine, Princess pine, Scrub pine, Spruce pine
Regions of Distribution
North America
Countries of Distribution
[VIEW MAP]
Canada, United States
Common Uses
Bent Parts, Boxes and crates, Building construction, Building materials, Casks, Concrete formwork, Construction, Cooperages, Exterior trim & siding, Exterior uses, Foundation posts, Fuelwood, Garage doors/Overhead garage doors, Heavy construction, Interior construction, Interior trim, Light construction, Millwork, Mine timbers, Moldings, Packing cases, Poles, Posts, Pulp/Paper products, Pulpwood, Railroad ties, Rough construction, Shakes, Sheathing, Shingles, Siding, Stakes, Trimming, Utility poles, Vats, Wainscotting, Windows
Environmental Profile
| Abundant/Secure |
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| Widespread, abundant and globally secure |
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| May be rare in parts of its range, especially at the periphery |
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| Data source is Nature Conservancy |
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Distribution Overview
The most northerly of the pines, this North American species grows from near the Arctic Circle in the valley of the Mackenzie River through the Canadian forest belt and as far south as Maine. It is found in Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, Saskatchewan, and the Yukon Territory in Canada. Its range in the United States include Alaska, Massachusetts, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, North Dakota, New Hampshire, New York, Illinois, Pennsylvania, Vermont, Indiana, Wisconsin, and West Virginia. The tree prefers to grow in sandy soils, dunes, and on outcrops, and is usually found in large pure stands at elevations of up to 2000 feet (610 m).
Heartwood Color
| Brown |
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| Red |
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| White |
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| Yellow |
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| Orange |
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| Purple |
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| Pink |
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| Pale brown |
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| Reddish brown |
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| Yellow to golden-yellow to orange |
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| Brown |
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| Pale red to pink |
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| Light orange to light brown |
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Sapwood Color
| Yellow |
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| White |
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| White to yellow |
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| Paler than heartwood |
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| Nearly white, pale yellowish-brown, or cream to lemon |
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Grain
| Figure |
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| Growth rings (figure) |
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| Even |
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| Crossed |
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| Straight |
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| Spiral |
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| Distinct (figure) |
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| Clear growth rings (figure) |
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| Straight |
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| Spiral |
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| Growth rings are conspicuous, and split tangential surfaces are sometimes dimpled |
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| Generally straight, but may be somewhat uneven |
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| Distinct and very fine figure |
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Texture
| Coarse |
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| Medium |
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| Fine |
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| Even or uniform |
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| Medium |
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| Coarse |
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| Uneven |
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| Medium coarse to coarse |
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| Fine to medium |
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Luster
Natural Durability
| Durable |
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| Perishable |
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| Non-durable |
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| Susceptible to insect attack |
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| Resistant to powder post beetles |
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| Non durable |
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| Very little natural resistance to decay in ground contact |
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| Perishable |
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| Absorbs and retains enough chemical preservatives |
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Odor
| Has an odor |
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| Non-Characteristic resinous odor |
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| No specific taste |
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Resin Content
Kiln Schedules
| Drying (speed) is fast |
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| UK=L US=T146C6S/T12C5S |
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Drying Defects
| Checking |
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| Discoloration |
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| Distortion |
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| Slight twist/warp |
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| Moderate defects |
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| Moderate surface checking |
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Ease of Drying
| Fairly Easy |
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| Rapidly |
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| Reconditioning Treatement |
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| Moderately Difficult to Difficult |
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| Easy |
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| Air dries easily and uniformly |
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Kiln Drying Rate
Tree Identification
| Bole/stem form is straight |
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Tree Size
| Tree height is greater than 70 m |
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| Trunk diameter is 150-200 cm |
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| Trunk diameter is 100-150 cm |
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| Tree height is 40-50 m |
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| Tree height is 30-40 m |
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| Tree height is 60-70 m |
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| Bole length is 10-20 m |
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| Tree height is 50-60 m |
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| Tree height is 20-30 m |
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| Trunk diameter is 200-250 cm |
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| Trunk diameter is 250-300 cm |
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| Trunk diameter is 300-350 cm |
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Jack pine growing in the northern regions of its range tend to be scrubby, but they are straight and tall in the southern parts.
Product Sources
Jack pine lumber is often graded with the spruces and marketed in the Spruce-Pine-Fir group.
Certified Source
Blunting Effect
| Little |
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| Blunting effect on machining is slight |
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Boring
| Very good to excellent results |
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| Fairly easy to very easy |
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Cutting Resistance
| Easy to saw |
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| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult to saw |
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Gluing
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Easy to glue |
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| Bonds well with all types of commercial adhesives |
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Mortising
| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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Moulding
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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Movement in Service
| Excellent Stability - Small Movement |
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| Small |
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| Dimensional changes in reponse to changing moisture content are minimal |
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Nailing
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Holds nails well |
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| Easy to nail |
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| Satisfactory resistance to decay above ground |
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Planing
| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Easy to plane |
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Resistance to Impregnation
| Resistant sapwood |
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| Resistant heartwood |
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| Heartwood is moderately resistant |
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| Sapwood is permeable |
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| Resistant |
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| Fairly difficult to penetrate with preservatives |
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Resistance to Splitting
Response to Hand Tools
| Easy to Work |
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| Responds Readily |
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| Easy to machine |
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| Moderate working qualities |
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| Responds satisfactorily to most machining operations |
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Sanding
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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Screwing
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Easy to screw |
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| Screwing yields good results |
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| Satisfactory resistance to decay above ground |
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Turning
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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Veneering Qualities
| Veneers moderately easy |
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| Difficult to veneer |
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| Veneers easily |
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| Suitable for peeling |
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| There is slight to moderate drying degrade and the potential for buckles and splits |
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| Moderately easy to veneer |
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Painting
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
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| Satisfactory results |
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| Takes paint satisfactorily |
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| Poor results |
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| Good results |
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Polishing
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Satisfactory results |
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Staining
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
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| Finish is generally good |
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| Satisfactory |
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Varnishing
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
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| Good results |
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Strength Properties
| Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft. |
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| Hardness (side grain) = very soft |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = low |
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| Work to Maximum Load = very low |
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| Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = low |
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| Max. crushing strength = medium |
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| Max. crushing strength = low |
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| Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low |
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| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = small |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = small |
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| Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low |
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| Not hard |
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| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low |
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| Moderate weight |
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| Medium impact resistance |
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| Medium bending strength in the air-dry condition (about 12% moisture content) |
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| Dents and marrs easily |
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| Density (dry weight) = 23-30 lbs/cu. ft. |
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| Compression strength (parallel to grain) = low |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = very low |
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Numerical Data
| Item | Green | Dry | English |
| | | |
| Bending Strength | 5811 | 9560 | psi |
| Crushing Strength | 294 | 568 | psi |
| Density | | 31 | lbs/ft3 |
| Hardness | | 447 | lbs |
| Impact Strength | 25 | 28 | inches |
| Maximum Crushing Strength | 3019 | 5461 | psi |
| Shearing Strength | | 1150 | psi |
| Static Bending | 3430 | 6360 | psi |
| Stiffness | 1112 | 1349 | 1000 psi |
| Work to Maximum Load | 6 | 7 | inch-lbs/in3 |
| Specific Gravity | 0.37 | 0.4 | |
| Weight | 31 | 30 | lbs/ft3 |
| Radial Shrinkage | 3 | | % |
| Tangential Shrinkage | 6 | | % |
| Volumetric Shrinkage | 10 | | % |
| | | |
| Item | Green | Dry | Metric |
| | | |
| Bending Strength | 408 | 672 | kg/cm2 |
| Crushing Strength | 20 | 39 | kg/cm2 |
| Density | | 496 | kg/m3 |
| Hardness | | 202 | kg |
| Impact Strength | 63 | 71 | cm |
| Maximum Crushing Strength | 212 | 383 | kg/cm2 |
| Shearing Strength | | 80 | kg/cm2 |
| Static Bending | 241 | 447 | kg/cm2 |
| Stiffness | 78 | 94 | 1000 kg/cm2 |
| Work to Maximum Load | 0.42 | 0.49 | cm-kg/cm3 |
| Specific Gravity | 0.37 | 0.4 | |
| Weight | 496 | 480 | kg/m3 |
| Radial Shrinkage | 3 | | % |
| Tangential Shrinkage | 6 | | % |
References
Boone, R.S., C.J. Kozlik, P.J. Bois and E.M. Wengert. 1988. Dry Kiln Schedules for Commercial Woods: Temperate and Tropical. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, General Technical Report FPL-GTR-57, Madison, Wisconsin.
Brown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World: - No.7 North America,TRADA
Canadian Forestry Service. 1981. Canadian Woods - Their Properties and Uses. Third Edition. E.J. Mullins and T.S. McKnight, Editors. Published by University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Canada.
Clifford, N.,1957,Timber Identification for the Builder and Architect,Leonard Hill (Books) LTD. London
Dallimore, W. and Jackson, A. Bruce,1966,A Handbook of Coniferae and Ginkgoaceae Fourth Ed. Revised by S.G.,Harrison,Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd. London
Forest Products Research Laboratory U.K.,1957,A Handbook of Softwoods,Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Forest Products Research,HMSO
Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1945,A Handbook of Empire Timbers,Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Forest Products Research
Howard, A.L.,1948,A Manual of Timbers of the World.,Macmillan & Co. Ltd. London 3rd ed.
I.U.F.R.O.,1973,Veneer Species of the World,Assembled at F.P.L. Madison on behalf of I.U.F.R.O. Working Party on,Slicing and Veneer Cutting
Little, E.L. 1980. The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees - Eastern Region. Published by Arthur A. Knopf.
MacDonald, J., R.F. Wood, M.V. Edwards and J.R. Aldhous, Editors. 1957. Exotic Forest Trees in Great Britain. Forestry Commission Bulletin No. 30. Paper Prepared for the Seventh British Commonwealth Forestry Conference, Australia and New Zealand. Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London.
Markwardt, L.J., Wilson, T.R.C.,1935,Strength and related properties of woods grown in the United States,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin,No.479
Martawijaya, A., Kadir, K., Kartasujana, I.,1986,Indonesian Wood Atlas. Vol.1.,Department of Forestry Agency for Forestry Research and Development.,Bogar-Indonesia
Mirov, N.T. 1967. The Genus PINUS. The Ronald Press Company, New York. LCC Card No. 67-14783.
Mullins, E.J. and McKnight, T.S.,1981,Canadian Woods Their Properties and Uses,University of Toronto Press 3rd Edition
Panshin, A.J. and C. deZeeuw. 1980. Textbook of Wood Technology, 4th Edition. McGraw-Hill Series in Forest Resources. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York.
Patterson, D.,1988,Commercial Timbers of the World, 5th Edition,Gower Technical Press
Record, S.J., Hess, R.W.,1943,Timbers of the New World,Yale University Press
Rudolph, R.D.,1985,American Woods - Jack Pine,USDA, Forest Service American Woods FS-252
T.R.A.D.A.,1942,Home-grown timber trees - their characteristics, cultivation and Uses,TRADA
Timber Development Association Ltd.,1955,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Timber Development Association Ltd.
Titmuss, F.H.,1965,Commercial Timbers of the World,Technical Press Ltd., London, 3rd edition
U.S.D.A. Forest Service,1974,Wood Handbook,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Handbook,72
USDA. 1987. Wood Handbook - Wood as an Engineering Material, Forest Service, Agriculture Handbook No. 72, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.
USDA. 1988. Dry Kiln Operators Manual, Preliminary Copy. Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.
Van der Slooten, H.J., Llach Cordero, L.,1969,Physical and mechanical properties of Eucalyptus deglupta Blume grown in,Costa Rica,Turrialba 19(2) 284-90
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