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Clicking any heading in the main data area (at right) will scroll the page back to this top position. Use the following links to jump to the associated section in the main data. Blunting Effect Boring Comments Common Names Common Uses Countries of Distribution Cutting Resistance Distribution Overview Drying Defects Ease of Drying Environmental Profile Family Name Gluing Grain Heartwood Color Kiln Drying Rate Kiln Schedules Light-Induced Color Change Luster Movement in Service Nailing Natural Durability Natural Growth Defects Numerical Data Odor Planing Polishing References Regions of Distribution Resin Content Resistance to Impregnation Response to Hand Tools Sanding Sapwood Color Scientific Name Strength Properties Substitutes Synonyms Texture Trade Name Tree Identification Tree Size Turning Veneering Qualities Scientific Name Pinus insularis Trade Name Benguet pine Family Name Pinaceae Synonyms Pinus insularis, Pinus khasya Common Names Alal, Bel-bel, Benguet pine, Benquet pine, Bubu, Bul-bul, Dingsa, Jersey pine, Khasi pine, Khaso, Khasya pine, Langbian pine, Langbian three-leaved pine, Luzon pine, Ol-ol, Parina, Parua, Philippine pine, Pine, Pinho insularis, Saheng, Saleng, Salit, Scrub pine, Sonsambai, Southern pine, Tinshu, Tinyu, Virginia pine Regions of Distribution Africa, Latin America, Oceania and S.E. Asia Countries of Distribution  [VIEW MAP] Brazil, Burma, India, Japan, Kenya, Madagascar, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, South Africa, Thailand, Vietnam, Zambia Common Uses Agricultural implements, Bedroom suites, Boat building (general), Boat building, Boxes and crates, Bridge construction, Building construction, Building materials, Cabin construction, Cabinetmaking, Canoes, Chairs, Chests, Concealed parts (Furniture), Construction, Cooperages, Desks, Dining-room furniture, Domestic flooring, Dowell pins, Dowells, Drawer sides, Excelsior, Factory construction, Factory flooring, Fine furniture, Floor lamps, Flooring, Flooring: commercial heavy traffic, Furniture , Furniture components, Furniture squares or stock, Furniture, Hatracks, Heavy construction, Joinery, Kitchen cabinets, Lifeboats, Light construction, Living-room suites, Millwork, Mine timbers, Musical instruments, Office furniture, Paneling, Parquet flooring, Particleboard, Piling, Plywood corestock, Plywood, Poles, Posts, Pulp/Paper products, Pulpwood, Radio - stereo - TV cabinets, Railroad ties, Rustic furniture, Shipbuilding, Toys, Turnery, Veneer Environmental Profile Rather secure within its natural range Little threat to survival in immediate future Data source is World Conservation Monitoring Center Distribution Overview Benguet pine occurs in southeast Asia, including Assam and Burma, southern Vietnam, and in the northern parts of the Luzon island in the Philippines. It thrives in the high mountain regions within its natural range. Benguet pine is also a popular plantation species in Zambia, Kenya, and other areas\ Heartwood Color Red Brown White Pink Purple Yellow to golden-yellow to orange Reddish brown Red Pale brown Yellowish, light reddish-brown, yellowish-red, to pale brown White to cream Pale red to pink Darkens with age Brown Sapwood Color White Yellow Brown White to yellow Whitish to creamy white Not distinct from heartwood Grain Straight Figure Growth rings (figure) Even Interlocked Distinct (figure) Straight Clear growth rings (figure) Interlocked Distinct figure Texture Coarse Medium coarse to coarse Medium Fine Fair to medium coarse Luster Dull Slightly lustrous Sometimes lustrous but not always Lustrous Natural Growth Defects Latex or other ducts Gum/resin streaks Natural Durability Moderately durable Perishable Non-durable Susceptible to insect attack Resistant to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles Susceptible to marine borer attack Susceptible to attack from termites (Isoptera) Moderately durable Termite (Isoptera) attack + susceptible Sapwood is susceptible to wood staining fungal attack Very little natural resistance to decay in ground contact susceptible to sap stain Perishable Non durable Durable Occasionally damaged by pinhole borers, wood wasps, termites, and marine borers. The wood is readily attacked by termites Odor No specific taste Distinctive resinous odor Resin Content Resin may exude on to surfaces during kiln drying Light-Induced Color Change Darker Kiln Schedules Dry at a slow speed Dry at a moderate speed Drying Defects Kiln drying may cause resin Expect resin/gum exudation Ease of Drying Fairly Easy Rapidly Easy Seasons well, with little degrade Moderate Kiln Drying Rate Naturally dries quickly Tree Identification Bole/stem form is straight Bole/stem form is cylindrical Bole/stem form is not buttressed Tree Size Tree height is 30-40 m Tree height is 20-30 m Trunk diameter is 100-150 cm Tree height is 40-50 m Substitutes Merkus pine (Pinus merkusii) Comments General finishing qualities are rated as good Blunting Effect Moderate High to severe Medium blunting effect on cuttin tools High resin content Blunting effect on machining is slight Blunting effect on machining is moderate Boring Easy Cutting Resistance Cutting Resistance with green wood is easy Cutting Resistance with dry wood is easy Saws well Cutting Resistance with dry wood is moderate Cutters may be gummed up due to high resin content Gluing Easy to glue Good gluing properties Movement in Service Excellent Stability - Small Movement Nailing Holds nails well Easy to nail Good nailing characteristics Planing Planes well, to a good finish Fairly easy to plane, bore, mould, mortise, and turn but resin may gum cutters and tools Easy to plane Can be worked to a smooth surface with all tools in many operations Resistance to Impregnation Permeable sapwood Resistant heartwood Resistant sapwood Sapwood is permeable Heartwood is moderately resistant Fairly treatable with preservatives Fairly resistant to impregnation Response to Hand Tools Easy to Work Easy to machine Moderate working qualities Yields a smooth, clean finish Responds well to hand tools Sanding Easily sanded Turning Turns well Poor results Easy to turn Veneering Qualities Veneers moderately easy Difficult to veneer Veneers easily Suitable for peeling There is slight to moderate drying degrade and the potential for buckles and splits Easy to cut Polishing Generally polishes well Strength Properties Max. crushing strength = medium Bending strength (MOR) = low Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate Shrinkage, Radial = moderate Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. Bending strength (MOR) = medium Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = medium Hardness (side grain) = soft Shrinkage, Radial = small Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low Hardness (side grain) = very soft Density (dry weight) = 46-52 lbs/cu. ft. Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft. Shrinkage, Tangential = small Shrinkage, Tangential = large Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large Shrinkage, Radial = large Shrinkage, Radial = fairly large Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = medium Moderate weight High in density High bending strength in air-dry condition (about 12% moisture content) Hardness = medium Density (dry weight) = 53-60 lbs/cu. ft Compression strength (parallel to grain) = high Numerical Data Item Green Dry English Bending Strength 7303 12467 psi Crushing Strength 517 1024 psi Density 36 lbs/ft3 Hardness 770 lbs Impact Strength 28 inches Maximum Crushing Strength 3560 6437 psi Shearing Strength 1566 psi Static Bending 4572 9199 psi Stiffness 1397 1762 1000 psi Toughness 221 inch-lbs Work to Maximum Load 8 inch-lbs/in3 Specific Gravity 0.42 0.5 Weight 35 26 lbs/ft3 Radial Shrinkage 3 % Tangential Shrinkage 7 % Item Green Dry Metric Bending Strength 513 876 kg/cm2 Crushing Strength 36 71 kg/cm2 Density 576 kg/m3 Hardness 349 kg Impact Strength 71 cm Maximum Crushing Strength 250 452 kg/cm2 Shearing Strength 110 kg/cm2 Static Bending 321 646 kg/cm2 Stiffness 98 123 1000 kg/cm2 Toughness 254 cm-kg Work to Maximum Load 0.56 cm-kg/cm3 Specific Gravity 0.42 0.5 Weight 560 416 kg/m3 Radial Shrinkage 3 % References Bali, B.J., Singh, K.R. and Sharma, R.P.,1985,A Note on the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Pinus kesiya,(plantation grown) from Orissa,Journal of the Timber Development Association (India) Vol.XXXI, No.4 Berni, C.A., Bolza, E., Christensen, F.J.,1979,South American Timbers - The Characteristics, Properties and Uses of 190,Species,C.S.I.R.O Div. Building Research Brown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World, No.5 Philippines and Japan,TRADA, Red Booklet Series Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison. Desch, H. E. 1957. Manual of Malayan Timbers. Malayan Forest Records, 28(30):315-318. Hardie, A.D.K. and Ingram, C.L.,1971,Utilization Potentials and Problems for exotic conifers in Zambia with,special reference to Pinus kesiya Royle ex Gord,Zambia Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources, Forest Research Bulletin,No.24 Holz-Zentralblatt,1961,Drei sudamerikanische furnierholzer,Holz ZBL 87(71) pp1086 I.U.F.R.O.,1973,Veneer Species of the World,Assembled at F.P.L. Madison on behalf of I.U.F.R.O. Working Party on,Slicing and Veneer Cutting Keating, W.G., Bolza, E.,1982,Characteristics properties and uses of timbers. South East Asia, Northern,Australia and the Pacific,C.S.I.R.O. Div. Chemical Technology,Inkata Press,1 Kloot, N. H. and E. Bolza. 1961. Properties of Timbers Imported into Australia. Technological Paper No. 12. Division of Forest Products, Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organization, Melbourne, Australia. Kloot, N.H., Bolza, E.,1961,Properties of Timbers Imported into Australia,C.S.I.R.O. Forest Products Division Technological Paper,No.12 Lauricio, F. M., Bellosillo, S. B., The Mechanical and Related Properties of Philippine Woods, The Philippine Lumber Journal, 12(5):A-H. Mirov, N.T. 1967. The Genus PINUS. The Ronald Press Company, New York. LCC Card No. 67-14783. Reyes, L.J.,1938,Philippine Woods,Commonwealth of the Philippines Department of Agriculture and Commerce,Technical Bulletin,No.7 Takahashi, A.,1975,Compilation of data on the Mechanical Properties of Foreign Woods (Part 2,Central and South America,Shimane University, Japan, Research Report on Foreign Wood No.4 Tamolang, F.R. and Rocafort, J.E.,1987,Physico-Mechanical Properties and Possible Uses of Eleven Plantation-Grown,Timber Species in the Philippines,FPRDI-Journal 16:1-2,75-85 Tewari, M.C., Jain, J.C.,1980,Utilization of Secondary Species,Journal of the National Building Organization 25(2) pp1-6 Yoji Kikata (ed.,1991,The promotion of Lesser-known Species and Plantation-grown species,Proceedings of the International Forest Products Workshop, 14 to 15,October, 1991, Nagoya University, Japan