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Blunting Effect
Boring
Certified Source
Comments
Common Names
Common Uses
Countries of Distribution
Cutting Resistance
Distribution Overview
Drying Defects
Ease of Drying
Environmental Profile
Family Name
Gluing
Grain
Heartwood Color
Kiln Drying Rate
Kiln Schedules
Luster
Mortising
Moulding
Movement in Service
Nailing
Natural Durability
Natural Growth Defects
Numerical Data
Odor
Painting
Planing
Polishing
Product Sources
References
Regions of Distribution
Resistance to Impregnation
Resistance to Splitting
Response to Hand Tools
Routing & Recessing
Sanding
Sapwood Color
Scientific Name
Screwing
Staining
Strength Properties
Texture
Trade Name
Tree Identification
Tree Size
Turning
Varnishing
Veneering Qualities
| |
Common Names
Big pine, Californian sugar pine, Californina soft pine, Gigantic pine, Great sugar pine, Pine, Shade pine, Sugar pine
Regions of Distribution
North America
Countries of Distribution
[VIEW MAP]
United States
Common Uses
Beams, Bent Parts, Boat building (general), Boxes and crates, Building construction, Building materials, Cabin construction, Cabinetmaking, Casks, Concrete formwork, Construction, Domestic flooring, Exterior trim & siding, Exterior uses, Factory construction, Factory flooring, Flooring, Food containers, Form work, Foundation posts, Framing, Furniture, Garage doors/Overhead garage doors, Heavy construction, Interior construction, Interior trim, Joinery (external): ground contact, Joinery, Joists, Light construction, Matches, Mathematical instruments, Millwork, Moldings, Musical instruments, Musical instruments: piano, Packing cases, Paneling , Paneling, Porch columns, Rafters, Roofing, Rough construction, Shakes, Sheathing, Shingles, Siding, Structural work, Studs, Sub-flooring, Trimming, Wainscotting
Environmental Profile
| Abundant/Secure |
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| Widespread, abundant and globally secure |
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| May be rare in parts of its range, especially at the periphery |
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| Data source is Nature Conservancy |
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Distribution Overview
The most majestic of all the pines, Sugar pine occurs from western Oregon south through the Sierra Nevada, to western Nevada and southern California. It is also found in northern Baja, California. It is often found in mixed coniferous forests and is adapted to various types of mountain soils. Sugar pine grows at elevations that are commonly 6000 to 9000 feet (1829 to 2745 m). It is also found, but less frequently, down to an elevation of about 3500 feet (1067 m) and up to an altitude of about 10000 feet (3048 m). The best stands of Sugar pine trees are reported to occur at elevations between 4500 and 6000 feet (1372 and 1829 m) in the central Sierra, fromSan Joaquin River to the American River.
Heartwood Color
| Brown |
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| Red |
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| Yellow |
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| Orange |
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| White |
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| Purple |
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| Pale brown |
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| Yellow to golden-yellow to orange |
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| White to cream |
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| Reddish brown |
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| Red |
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| Pale red to pink |
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| Pale brown to light reddish brown |
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The reddish brown color is significantly lighter than it is in the eastern and western white pines.
Sapwood Color
| White |
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| Yellow |
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| Brown |
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| Red |
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| White to yellow |
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| Somewhat white to pale yellowish white |
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Grain
| Straight |
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| Figure |
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| Growth rings (figure) |
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| Even |
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| Distinct (figure) |
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| Straight |
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| Clear growth rings (figure) |
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| Straight and even |
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| Distinct figure |
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Tangential surfaces often exhibit a faint, but very attractive figure with numerous flecks of large, dark brown resin canals.
Texture
| Medium |
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| Fine |
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| Coarse |
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| Even or uniform |
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| Coarse |
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| Uniform |
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| Medium |
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| Medium coarse to coarse |
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| Fair to medium coarse |
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Luster
Natural Growth Defects
Natural Durability
| Non-durable |
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| Moderately durable |
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| Susceptible to insect attack |
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| Perishable |
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| Non-resistant to termites |
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| Resistant to powder post beetles |
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| Non durable |
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| Very little natural resistance to decay in ground contact |
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| Resistant to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles |
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| Durable |
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Should not be used under conditions that promote decay without appropriate chemical protection.
Odor
| Has an odor |
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| Non-Descriptive odor |
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| No specific taste |
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| Faint distinct odor in freshly milled wood, especially when wet |
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Kiln Schedules
| Drying (speed) is fast |
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| Light T5-E5(4/4); T5-E5(8/4) US Schedule L(4/4) United Kingdom Heavy T5-F6(4/4);T5-F5(8/4)US |
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Drying Defects
| Resin Exudation |
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| Discoloration |
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| Distortion |
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| No twisting or warping |
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| No surface checking |
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| No end splitting |
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| Minimal checking and warping |
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| Drying defects include brwon stains, which may be caused by wetwood |
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Ease of Drying
| Fairly Easy |
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| Rapidly |
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| Gum Exudation |
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| Thick Stock Requires Care |
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| Moderately Difficult to Difficult |
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| Easy |
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| Moderate |
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| Dries easily and without difficulty |
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| Air dries slowly with low shrinkage |
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Kiln Drying Rate
Tree Identification
| Bole/stem form is straight |
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| Bole/stem form is cylindrical |
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Tree Size
| Tree height is 60-70 m |
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| Tree height is 40-50 m |
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| Tree height is 30-40 m |
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| Trunk diameter is 200-250 cm |
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| Tree height is 50-60 m |
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| Trunk diameter is 150-200 cm |
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| Trunk diameter is 100-150 cm |
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| Tree height is 20-30 m |
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| Sapwood width is 5-10 cm |
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| Tree height is 10-20 m |
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| Tree height is greater than 70 m |
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Trunk diameters of more than 10 feet (3 m) are reported to have been recorded.
Product Sources
Supplies of Sugar pine are adequate, thanks to modern logging techniques which allow less accessible stands of the species to be harvested. Sugar pine, especially wide clear, stock, sells at a slight premium over other White pines.
Certified Source
Comments
Name is derivative of name of sugary exudate known as monmethyl ehter of d -inositol
Blunting Effect
| Little |
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| Blunting effect on machining is slight |
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Boring
| Fairly easy to very easy |
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| Very good to excellent results |
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| Responds very well to boring |
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Cutting Resistance
| Easy to saw |
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| Gum-Up |
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| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult to saw |
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| Works well |
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| Requires very sharp cutting edges |
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| Cutting Resistance with green wood is easy |
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| Cutting Resistance with dry wood is easy |
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Gluing
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Easy to glue |
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| Excellent gluing properties |
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Mortising
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Excellent mortising characteristics |
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Moulding
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Good moulding properties |
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Movement in Service
| Excellent Stability - Small Movement |
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| Fair to Good Stability - Medium Movement |
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| Stable |
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Nailing
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Holds nails well |
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| Easy to nail |
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| Satisfactory resistance to decay above ground |
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| Good nail holding properties |
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| Excellent resistance to splitting in nailing operations |
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Planing
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Readily and predictably cuts and shapes |
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| Fabulous working quality due to its uniform texture and low density |
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| Excellent planning properties |
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Workshops are usually filled with the sweet scented aroma given off by the resin in the wood.
Resistance to Impregnation
| Permeable sapwood |
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| Permeable heartwood |
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| Resistant heartwood |
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| Resistant sapwood |
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| Fairly resistant to impregnation |
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Resistance to Splitting
Response to Hand Tools
| Easy to Work |
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| Responds Readily |
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| Easy to machine |
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| Responds well to hand tools |
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Routing & Recessing
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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Sanding
Screwing
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Screwing yields good results |
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| Good screw holding properties |
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| Excellent screwing properties |
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Turning
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Turns well |
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Veneering Qualities
| Suitable for peeling |
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| Veneers easily |
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| Veneers moderately easy |
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| No drying degrade |
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| There is slight to moderate drying degrade and the potential for buckles and splits |
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| Moderately easy to veneer |
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Painting
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Surface Preparation |
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| Good results |
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| Takes paint satisfactorily |
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| Satisfactory results |
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Polishing
| Satisfactory results |
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| Satisfactory polishing characteristics |
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| Good results |
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Staining
| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Stains satisfactorily after surface preparation |
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| High resin content may cause turpentine based sealer to soften and bubble around knots on the end grain |
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| Finish is generally satisfactory |
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Varnishing
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Surface Preparation |
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| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Fair varnishing properties |
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Strength Properties
| Max. crushing strength = low |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = low |
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| Density (dry weight) = 23-30 lbs/cu. ft. |
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| Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low |
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| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low |
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| Hardness (side grain) = very soft |
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| Work to Maximum Load = very low |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = very low |
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| Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = very low |
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| Hardness (side grain) = soft |
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| Toughness (total work) = very low |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = small |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = very small |
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| Not hard |
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| Max. crushing strength (stiffness) = very low |
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| Light weight |
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| Dents and marrs easily |
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| Density (dry weight) = 15-22 lbs/cu. ft. |
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Strength properties are rather poor in comparison with the Yellow pines since timber produced by Sugar pine lacks the dense latewood bands which contribute to the strength of the Yellow pines
Numerical Data
| Item | Green | Dry | English |
| | | |
| Bending Strength | 5016 | 8079 | psi |
| Crushing Strength | 206 | 490 | psi |
| Density | | 25 | lbs/ft3 |
| Hardness | | 451 | lbs |
| Impact Strength | 17 | 16 | inches |
| Maximum Crushing Strength | 2503 | 4070 | psi |
| Shearing Strength | | 1015 | psi |
| Stiffness | 1034 | 1206 | 1000 psi |
| Toughness | | 95 | inch-lbs |
| Work to Maximum Load | 5 | 6 | inch-lbs/in3 |
| Specific Gravity | 0.31 | 0.32 | |
| Weight | 25 | 20 | lbs/ft3 |
| Radial Shrinkage | 2 | | % |
| Tangential Shrinkage | 6 | | % |
| Volumetric Shrinkage | 8 | | % |
| | | |
| Item | Green | Dry | Metric |
| | | |
| Bending Strength | 352 | 568 | kg/cm2 |
| Crushing Strength | 14 | 34 | kg/cm2 |
| Density | | 400 | kg/m3 |
| Hardness | | 204 | kg |
| Impact Strength | 43 | 40 | cm |
| Maximum Crushing Strength | 175 | 286 | kg/cm2 |
| Shearing Strength | | 71 | kg/cm2 |
| Stiffness | 72 | 84 | 1000 kg/cm2 |
| Toughness | | 109 | cm-kg |
| Work to Maximum Load | 0.35 | 0.42 | cm-kg/cm3 |
| Specific Gravity | 0.31 | 0.32 | |
| Weight | 400 | 320 | kg/m3 |
| Radial Shrinkage | 2 | | % |
| Tangential Shrinkage | 6 | | % |
References
Arno, J. 1988. Pinus lambertiana - Sugar pine. In A Guide to Useful Woods of the World. Flynn Jr., J.H., Editor. King Philip Publishing Co., Portland, Maine. 1994. Page 270-271.
Bendsten, B.A.,1972,Important Structural Properties of Four Western Softwoods: White Pine,,Sugar Pine, Western Redcedar, Port-Orford Cedar,USDA Forest Service Research Paper FPL191
Boone, R.S., C.J. Kozlik, P.J. Bois and E.M. Wengert. 1988. Dry Kiln Schedules for Commercial Woods: Temperate and Tropical. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, General Technical Report FPL-GTR-57, Madison, Wisconsin.
Brown, H.P. and Panshin, A.J.,1940,Commercial Timbers of the United States Their structure, identification,,properties and uses,McGraw-Hill, London
Brown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World: - No.7 North America,TRADA
Dallimore, W. and Jackson, A. Bruce,1966,A Handbook of Coniferae and Ginkgoaceae Fourth Ed. Revised by S.G.,Harrison,Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd. London
Howard, A.L.,1948,A Manual of Timbers of the World.,Macmillan & Co. Ltd. London 3rd ed.
I.U.F.R.O.,1973,Veneer Species of the World,Assembled at F.P.L. Madison on behalf of I.U.F.R.O. Working Party on,Slicing and Veneer Cutting
Jackson, A. and D. Day. 1991. Good Wood Handbook - The Woodworker's Guide to Identifying, Selecting and Using the Right Wood. Betterway Publications, Cincinnati, Ohio.
Kinloch, B.B.,American Woods - Sugar Pine,USDA, Forest Service American
Kloot, N.H., Bolza, E.,1961,Properties of Timbers Imported into Australia,C.S.I.R.O. Forest Products Division Technological Paper,No.12
Little, E.L. 1980. The Audobon Society Field Guide to North American Trees - Western Region. Published by Arthur A. Knopf, New York.
Markwardt, L.J., Wilson, T.R.C.,1935,Strength and related properties of woods grown in the United States,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin,No.479
Mirov, N.T. 1967. The Genus PINUS. The Ronald Press Company, New York. LCC Card No. 67-14783.
Panshin, A.J. and C. deZeeuw. 1980. Textbook of Wood Technology, 4th Edition. McGraw-Hill Series in Forest Resources. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York.
Record, S.J., Hess, R.W.,1943,Timbers of the New World,Yale University Press
Stone, H.,1924,The Timbers of Commerce and their Identification,William Rider & Sons Ltd. London
Timber Development Association Ltd.,1955,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Timber Development Association Ltd.
U.S.D.A. Forest Service,1974,Wood Handbook,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Handbook,72
USDA. 1987. Wood Handbook - Wood as an Engineering Material, Forest Service, Agriculture Handbook No. 72, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.
USDA. 1988. Dry Kiln Operators Manual, Preliminary Copy. Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.
Western Wood Products Association. 19__. Softwoods of the Western USA. Published and Distributed by the Western Wood Products Association, Yeon Building, 522 S.W. Fifth Avenue, Portland, Oregon.
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