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Blunting Effect
Boring
Carving
Certified Source
Comments
Common Names
Common Uses
Countries of Distribution
Cutting Resistance
Distribution Overview
Drying Defects
Ease of Drying
Environmental Profile
Family Name
Gluing
Grain
Heartwood Color
Kiln Drying Rate
Kiln Schedules
Mortising
Moulding
Movement in Service
Nailing
Natural Durability
Natural Growth Defects
Numerical Data
Odor
Painting
Planing
Polishing
References
Regions of Distribution
Resin Content
Resistance to Impregnation
Resistance to Splitting
Response to Hand Tools
Routing & Recessing
Sanding
Sapwood Color
Scientific Name
Screwing
Staining
Steam Bending
Strength Properties
Texture
Trade Name
Tree Identification
Tree Size
Turning
Varnishing
Veneering Qualities
Weathering
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Common Names
American pitch pine, Cedar pine, Florida longleaf pine, Florida yellow pine, Georgia pine, Georgia yellow pine, Hard pine, Heart pine, Long leaf pitch pine, Longleaf pine, Longleaf pitch pine, Longstraw pine, Palustris pine, Palustris-den, Pine, Pitch pine, Southern yellow pine, Spruce pine, Straw pine, Texas yellow pine, Walter pine, Yellow pine
Regions of Distribution
North America
Countries of Distribution
[VIEW MAP]
United States
Common Uses
Agricultural implements, Barge fenders, Beams, Boards, Boat building (general), Boat building: decking, Boat building: masts, Boat building: planking, Boxes and crates, Bridge construction, Building materials, Cabinetmaking, Chemical derivatives, Crossties, Decks, Decorative veneer, Docks, Dockwork, Domestic flooring, Dressed boards, Factory construction, Fiberboard, Figured veneer, Flooring, Furniture, Harbor work, Hardboards, Heavy construction, Interior construction, Joinery, Joists, Light construction, Lock gates, Lumber, Marine construction, Millwork, Mine timbers, Moldings, Musical instruments, Naval architecture, Paneling , Parquet flooring, Particleboard, Piling, Planks, Plywood corestock, Plywood, Poles, Porch columns, Pulp/Paper products, Pulpwood, Raft floats, Rafts, Railroad ties, Rough boards/dimension stock, Rough construction, Sporting Goods, Structural plywood, Structural work, Studs, Sub-flooring, Toys, Turnery, Vats, Vehicle parts, Veneer, Wharf construction
Environmental Profile
| Widespread, abundant and globally secure |
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| Some long-term concern for the species |
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| May be rare in parts of its range, especially at the periphery |
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| Data source is Nature Conservancy |
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Distribution Overview
The species is found in well-drained sandy soils of flatlands and sandhills, and often grows in pure stands. Its range is mainly confined to the sandy and gravelly deposits of the Coastal Plains, from southeastern Virginia to eastern Florida, and west to eastern Texas. Longleaf pine essentiallys grow at sea level, usually below 600 feet (183 m), but is also found at elevations of up to 2000 feet (615 m) in the foothilhs of Piedmont.
Heartwood Color
| Brown |
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| Red |
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| White |
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| Yellow |
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| Orange |
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| Pink |
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| Purple |
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| Yellow to golden-yellow to orange |
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| Reddish brown |
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| Pale brown |
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| White to cream |
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| Pale red to pink |
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| Brown |
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| Yellow, but may contain blue-black sap stain |
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| Red |
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| Light yellow, orange, and red |
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Slow-Growth Longleaf pine usually recovered from structural timbers in pre-1900 warehouses and factories, or as sunken logs from river bottoms have a yellow heratwood after cutting, but the color turns to a deep pinkish tan to warm reddish brown within weeks because of high resin content
The tree is believed to develop heartwood late in its life (18 years).
Sapwood Color
| White |
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| Yellow |
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| Brown |
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| Red |
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| White to yellow |
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| Paler than heartwood |
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| Whitish to yellowish, orange-white, or pale yellow |
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| Well defined |
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| Variable width |
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Grain
| Figure |
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| Growth rings (figure) |
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| Straight |
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| Distinct (figure) |
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| Even |
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| Clear growth rings (figure) |
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| Straight |
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| Distinct figure |
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| Straight and uneven |
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Contrast between transition from earlywood to latewood is described as striking in its abruptness.
Texture
| Fine |
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| Medium |
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| Even or uniform |
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| Uniform |
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| Coarse |
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| Fine |
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| Medium |
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| Medium coarse to coarse |
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| Coarse |
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Natural Growth Defects
| Gum/resin exudation |
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| Latex or other ducts |
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| Gum/resin streaks |
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Natural Durability
| Non-durable |
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| Durable |
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| Moderately durable |
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| Perishable |
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| Susceptible to insect attack |
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| Non-resistant to termites |
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| Resistant to powder post beetles |
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| Moderately durable |
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| Very durable |
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| Susceptible to attack from termites (Isoptera) |
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| Resistant to attack from marine borers |
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| Durable |
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| Resistant to wood staining fungal attack |
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| Resistant to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles |
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| Non durable |
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| Moderate resistance |
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| Heartwood is fairly resistant to termites and other insects |
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| Easily treated with chemical preservatives allowing it to be used in exterior applications |
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Weathering
Odor
| Has an odor |
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| Very fine |
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| Distinct (figure) |
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| Non-Descriptive resinous odor |
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| No specific taste |
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| Figure occurrence is very fine and distinct |
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Resin Content
| Sapwood contains 2% resin |
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| Heartwood contains 7% to 10% resin |
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| Heartwood butt logs and stumps contain 15% to 25% resin |
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Longleaf pine is also the primary source of naval stores, such as turpentine and resin
Kiln Schedules
| Dry at a moderate speed |
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| UK=L US=T146C6S/T12C5S |
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| UK=F US=T6D4/T3D3 Fr=6 |
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| Regular T13-C6(4/4); T12-C5 (8/4) Schedule L (4/4) United Kingdom |
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| Dry at a slow speed |
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| Different kiln schedules recommended for highest quality stock |
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Drying Defects
| Resin Exudation |
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| Ring Shakes |
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| Discoloration |
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| Distortion |
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| Slight surface checking |
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| Moderate surface checking |
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| Moderate end spitting |
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| Slight end splitting |
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| Severe surface checking |
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| Severe end splitting |
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| No twisting or warping |
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| No cupping, generally |
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| Excessive drying temperatures may cause checks, splits and brown sapwood stains |
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Ease of Drying
| Fairly Easy |
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| Rapidly |
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| Gum Exudation |
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| Slowly |
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| Reconditioning Treatement |
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| Easy |
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| Moderate |
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Kiln Drying Rate
| Naturally dries quickly |
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| Naturally dries at a moderate speed |
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Tree Identification
| Bole/stem form is straight |
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Tree Size
| Tree height is 30-40 m |
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| Tree height is 40-50 m |
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| Tree height is 20-30 m |
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| Trunk diameter is 100-150 cm |
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| Tree height is 60-70 m |
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| Tree height is 50-60 m |
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| Tree height is greater than 70 m |
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| Bark width is 30-40 mm |
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| Bark width is 40-50 mm |
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| Bark width is 25-30 mm |
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| Tree height is 10-20 m |
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Certified Source
Comments
General finishing qualities are rated as good
General finishing qualities are rated as satisfactory
Blunting Effect
| Little |
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| Moderate blunting effect on cutting edges |
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Boring
| Fairly easy to very easy |
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| Fair to good results |
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Carving
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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Cutting Resistance
| Easy to saw |
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| Cutting Resistance with green wood is easy |
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| Cutting Resistance with dry wood is easy |
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| Moderate cutting resistance |
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| Long pitch saws recommended |
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Gluing
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Easy to glue |
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| Moderate gluing properties |
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| Easy to glue |
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Mortising
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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Moulding
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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Movement in Service
| Excellent Stability - Small Movement |
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| Fair to Good Stability - Medium Movement |
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| Stable |
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| Medium |
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Nailing
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Very good nail-holding properties |
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| Holds nails well |
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| Easy to nail |
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Planing
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Responds fairly well to ordinary machine tools, with moderate cutting resistance |
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| It planes, turns, moulds, bores, and mortises fairly well to yield generally clean finishes |
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| High resin content may be troublesome since cutters tend to gum up |
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Resistance to Impregnation
| Permeable sapwood |
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| Resistant heartwood |
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| Permeable heartwood |
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| Resistant sapwood |
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| Heartwood is resistant |
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| Sapwood is permeable |
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| Incising before treatment is unnecessary |
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| Heartwood is moderately resistant |
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| Cellular structure allwos deep, uniform penetration |
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Resistance to Splitting
Response to Hand Tools
| Easy to Work |
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| Responds Readily |
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| Moderate working qualities |
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| Easy to machine |
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| Responds fairly wel to hand tools, with moderate cutting resistance |
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Routing & Recessing
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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Sanding
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Good sanding properties |
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Screwing
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Very good screw holding qualities |
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| Screwing yields good results |
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| Easy to screw |
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Turning
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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Veneering Qualities
| Veneers moderately easy |
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| Difficult to veneer |
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| Veneers easily |
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| Suitable for peeling |
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| There is slight to moderate drying degrade and the potential for buckles and splits |
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| Moderately easy to veneer |
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Steam Bending
| Poor to Very Poor Results |
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| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
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| Unsuitable for steam bending applications because of high resin content |
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Painting
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Satisfactory results |
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| Satisfactory painting properties |
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Polishing
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Fairly satisfactory finishing treatments |
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Staining
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Responds fairly satisfactoril to most finishing treatments |
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Varnishing
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Takes varnishes satisfactorily |
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| Satisfactory |
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Strength Properties
| Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. |
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| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = medium |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = medium |
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| Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low |
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| Hardness (side grain) = soft |
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| Density (dry weight) = 46-52 lbs/cu. ft. |
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| Work to Maximum Load = very low |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate |
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| Max. crushing strength = medium |
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| Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft. |
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| Max. crushing strength = high |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = small |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = moderate |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = fairly large |
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| Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = medium |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = low |
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| Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = low |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = small |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large |
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| Resists wearing and marring |
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| Resists denting and marring |
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| High weight |
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| High in density |
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| Hardness = medium |
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| Density (dry weight) = 53-60 lbs/cu. ft |
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| Compression strength (parallel to grain) = high |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = high |
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Numerical Data
| Item | Green | Dry | English |
| | | |
| Bending Strength | 8637 | 14117 | psi |
| Crushing Strength | 470 | 941 | psi |
| Density | | 41 | lbs/ft3 |
| Hardness | | 942 | lbs |
| Impact Strength | 34 | 31 | inches |
| Maximum Crushing Strength | 4810 | 8274 | psi |
| Shearing Strength | | 1633 | psi |
| Stiffness | 1644 | 1971 | 1000 psi |
| Work to Maximum Load | 7 | 9 | inch-lbs/in3 |
| Specific Gravity | 0.51 | 0.55 | |
| Weight | 43 | 40 | lbs/ft3 |
| Radial Shrinkage | 4 | | % |
| Tangential Shrinkage | 7 | | % |
| Volumetric Shrinkage | 12 | | % |
| | | |
| Item | Green | Dry | Metric |
| | | |
| Bending Strength | 607 | 992 | kg/cm2 |
| Crushing Strength | 33 | 66 | kg/cm2 |
| Density | | 657 | kg/m3 |
| Hardness | | 427 | kg |
| Impact Strength | 86 | 78 | cm |
| Maximum Crushing Strength | 338 | 581 | kg/cm2 |
| Shearing Strength | | 114 | kg/cm2 |
| Stiffness | 115 | 138 | 1000 kg/cm2 |
| Work to Maximum Load | 0.49 | 0.63 | cm-kg/cm3 |
| Specific Gravity | 0.51 | 0.55 | |
| Weight | 689 | 641 | kg/m3 |
| Radial Shrinkage | 4 | | % |
| Tangential Shrinkage | 7 | | % |
References
Banks, C.H. and J.P. Schoeman. 1963. Railway Sleeper and Crossing Timbers. Bulletin No. 41, Republic of South Africa. The Government Printer, Pretoria, South Africa.
Betts, H.S.,1954,American Woods - The Southern Pines,USDA, Forest Service American Woods
Bolza, E., Keating, W.G.,1972,African Timbers - the Properties, Uses and Characteristics of 700 Species,C.S.I.R.O. Div. of Building Research
Boone, R.S., C.J. Kozlik, P.J. Bois and E.M. Wengert. 1988. Dry Kiln Schedules for Commercial Woods: Temperate and Tropical. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, General Technical Report FPL-GTR-57, Madison, Wisconsin.
Brooks, R.L., et al,1941,Durability tests on Untreated Timbers in Trinidad,Caribbean Forester,2(3,pp101-119
Brown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World: - No.7 North America,TRADA
Clifford, N.,1957,Timber Identification for the Builder and Architect,Leonard Hill (Books) LTD. London
Dallimore, W. and Jackson, A. Bruce,1966,A Handbook of Coniferae and Ginkgoaceae Fourth Ed. Revised by S.G.,Harrison,Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd. London
Forest Products Research Laboratory U.K.,1957,A Handbook of Softwoods,Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Forest Products Research,HMSO
Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1957,Timbers for Flooring,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Bulletin, No.40
Howard, A.L.,1948,A Manual of Timbers of the World.,Macmillan & Co. Ltd. London 3rd ed.
I.U.F.R.O.,1973,Veneer Species of the World,Assembled at F.P.L. Madison on behalf of I.U.F.R.O. Working Party on,Slicing and Veneer Cutting
Kaiser, Jo-Ann. Wood of the Month: Southern Pine - The Commercial Name for 10 Species. Wood & Wood Products, June, 1991.
Kukachka, B.F.,1970,Properties of Imported Tropical Woods,Forest Research Paper FPL 125
Little, E.L. 1980. The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees - Eastern Region. Published by Arthur A. Knopf, New York.
Markwardt, L.J., Wilson, T.R.C.,1935,Strength and related properties of woods grown in the United States,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin,No.479
Mirov, N.T. 1967. The Genus PINUS. The Ronald Press Company, New York. LCC Card No. 67-14783.
NWFA. 1994. Wood Species Used in Wood Flooring. Technical Publication No. A200. National Wood Flooring Association, Manchester, MO.
Oliver, A.C.,1974,Timber for Marine and Freshwater Construction,TRADA, London
Panshin, A.J. and C. deZeeuw. 1980. Textbook of Wood Technology, 4th Edition. McGraw-Hill Series in Forest Resources. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York.
Patterson, D.,1988,Commercial Timbers of the World, 5th Edition,Gower Technical Press
Redding, L.W.,1971,Resistance of Timbers to Impregnation with Creosote,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Bulletin No.54 pp.43
Rendle, B.J.,1969,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Ernest Benn Ltd. London
Rijsdijk, L.F. and Laming, P.B.,1994,Physical and Related Properties of 145 Timbers, Information for,Practice,TNO Building and Construction Research Centre for Timber Research Kluwer,Academic Publishers
Scott, M.H.,1953,Utilisation Notes on South African Timbers,South African Forestry Department Bulletin No.36
Stone, H.,1924,The Timbers of Commerce and their Identification,William Rider & Sons Ltd. London
Timber Development Association Ltd.,1955,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Timber Development Association Ltd.
Titmuss, F.H.,1965,Commercial Timbers of the World,Technical Press Ltd., London, 3rd edition
USDA. 1987. Wood Handbook - Wood as an Engineering Material, Forest Service, Agriculture Handbook No. 72, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.
USDA. 1988. Dry Kiln Operators Manual, Preliminary Copy. Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.
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