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Boring Carving Comments Common Names Common Uses Countries of Distribution Distribution Overview Drying Defects Ease of Drying Environmental Profile Family Name Gluing Grain Heartwood Color Kiln Schedules Luster Mortising Moulding Movement in Service Nailing Natural Durability Natural Growth Defects Numerical Data Odor Painting Planing Polishing Product Sources References Regions of Distribution Resistance to Impregnation Response to Hand Tools Routing & Recessing Sanding Sapwood Color Scientific Name Screwing Staining Steam Bending Strength Properties Texture Trade Name Tree Identification Tree Size Turning Varnishing Veneering Qualities Scientific Name Pinus resinosa Trade Name Red pine Family Name Pinaceae Common Names American red pine, Canadian red pine, Hard pine, Norway pine, Ottawa red pine, Pig iron pine, Pine, Pitch pine, Quebec red pine, Red pine, Shellbark Norway Regions of Distribution North America Countries of Distribution  [VIEW MAP] Canada, United States Common Uses Agricultural implements, Beams, Blinds, Boat building (general), Boat building: masts, Boxes and crates, Bridge construction, Building construction, Building materials, Cabin construction, Cabinetmaking, Casks, Chemical derivatives, Concrete formwork, Construction, Crossties, Exterior trim & siding, Exterior uses, Factory construction, Flooring, Form work, Foundation posts, Framing, Fuelwood, Heavy construction, Interior construction, Interior trim, Joinery (external): ground contact, Joinery, Joists, Light construction, Millwork, Moldings, Packing cases, Pallets, Piling, Poles, Porch columns, Posts, Pulp/Paper products, Pulpwood, Railroad ties, Rough construction, Shakes, Sheathing, Shingles, Shutters, Siding, Stakes, Structural work, Studs, Toys, Trimming, Vats Environmental Profile Rare Rare in parts of its natural range (population is at risk) Environmental status not officially assessed Distribution Overview Native to the northeastern part of North America, the growth range of Red pine extends from Newfoundland and Quebec west to Ontario and southeastern Manitoba, and south to northeastern Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, Illinois, northern Pennsylvania, New York, Connecticut, and Maine. It prefers well-drained soils, especially in sandy plains, and is usually found in mixed forests. It grows at elevations of 700 to 1400 feet (213 to 427 m) in the northern regions of its range, up to 2700 feet (823 m) in the Adirondacks, and at 3800 to 4300 feet (1158 to 1311 m) in West Virginia. Heartwood Color Brown Purple Yellow Red Pale red to pink Yellow to golden-yellow to orange Reddish brown Red Pale brown Light red to orange-brown or reddish brown Sapwood Color White Brown Red White to yellow Well defined Paler than heartwood Wide Grain Straight Figure Growth rings (figure) Even Distinct (figure) Straight Clear growth rings (figure) Straight and even Growth rings fairly distinct Distinct figure Texture Medium Fine Medium Fine to medium Fine Coarse Luster High Natural Growth Defects Latex or other ducts Natural Durability Perishable Durable Non durable Moderately durable Very little resistance to decay Resistant to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles Pinworms (ambrosia beetles) are commonly present Absorbs and retains enough chemical preservatives Chemical presevatives allow it to be used for applications such as poles, piling, and railroad ties. Odor Strong resinous odor No specific taste Kiln Schedules Drying (speed) is fast UK=K US=T13C4S/T11D3S UK=H US=T10D4S/T8D3S Fr=7 T12-B4(4/4); T11-B3(8/4) US Schedule L (4/4) United Kingdom Drying Defects Checking Slight twist/warp Slight surface checking No twisting or warping No surface checking Slight cupping No cupping, generally May warp Ease of Drying Slowly Thick Stock Requires Care Easy Veneer dries relatively rapidly, with little degrade except slight tendency to split Seasons fairly rapidly Tree Identification Bole/stem form is cylindrical Tree Size Tree height is 10-20 m Product Sources The largest Radiata pine resource in the world is believed to be in Chile, where the climate is quite favorable for the cultivation of Radiata pine. Radiata pine trees grown on plantations in Chile are often ready to harvest in 16 to 25 years. The species is also grown for commercial consumption on plantations in several countries, including New Zealand, Australia, and South Africa. It is the most often planted softwood in both temperate and warm climates, with most of the timber on the market originating from plantation grown trees. Reports from New Zealand indicate that there are currently (March, 1995) no independently certified sources of Radiata pine. Local laws governing the management of New Zealand plantation forests prohibit activities that will adversely affect the environment. Certified wood products are, however, expected to become available in the near future. Most of the exports from New Zealand are in the form of two-by-four sawn boards for construction and logs to Australia, Asia, and some to the United States. \ Comments General finishing qualities are rated as good Boring Fairly easy to very easy Fair to good results Carving Fairly Easy to Very Easy Fair to Good Results Gluing Easy to glue Moderate gluing properties Bonds well with all types of commercial adhesives Mortising Fairly Easy to Very Easy Moulding Fairly Easy to Very Easy Movement in Service Stable Moderate dimensional stability when properly seasoned Medium Nailing Holds nails well Easy to nail Satisfactory resistance to decay above ground Good nail holding properties Planing Fairly Easy to Very Easy Fair to Good Results Resistance to Impregnation Permeable sapwood Resistant sapwood Resistant heartwood Sapwood is permeable Permeable Heartwood is moderately resistant Very easy to penetrate with preservatives Response to Hand Tools Responds Readily Easy to machine Yields clean surfaces Responds readily to ordinary tools in planing and other machining operations Routing & Recessing Fairly Easy to Very Easy Sanding Fairly Easy to Very Easy Fair to Good Results Screwing Screwing yields good results Easy to screw Satisfactory resistance to decay above ground Firmly holds screws Turning Fairly Easy to Very Easy Veneering Qualities There is slight to moderate drying degrade and the potential for buckles and splits Moderately easy to veneer Steam Bending Moderate Painting Good results Satisfactory results Satisfactory painting response, but if contains excessive resin, it may cause problems Polishing Good results Staining Finish is generally good Varnishing Good results Strength Properties Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low Hardness (side grain) = very soft Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft. Density (dry weight) = 23-30 lbs/cu. ft. Max. crushing strength = medium Bending strength (MOR) = medium Bending strength (MOR) = low Work to Maximum Load = very low Shrinkage, Radial = moderate Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low Max. crushing strength = low Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = low Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = very low Toughness (total work) = very low Toughness (total work) = low Soft wood, with surfaces denting easily Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = medium Moderate weight Max. crushing strength (stiffness) = very low Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. Compression strength (parallel to grain) = medium Bending strength (MOR) = very low Numerical Data Item Green Dry English Bending Strength 6539 11182 psi Crushing Strength 255 588 psi Density 29 lbs/ft3 Hardness 442 lbs Impact Strength 25 25 inches Maximum Crushing Strength 2880 5595 psi Shearing Strength 1055 psi Stiffness 1272 1550 1000 psi Toughness 130 inch-lbs Work to Maximum Load 5 8 inch-lbs/in3 Specific Gravity 0.38 0.42 Weight 35 29 lbs/ft3 Radial Shrinkage 4 % Tangential Shrinkage 7 % Volumetric Shrinkage 11 % Item Green Dry Metric Bending Strength 459 786 kg/cm2 Crushing Strength 17 41 kg/cm2 Density 464 kg/m3 Hardness 200 kg Impact Strength 63 63 cm Maximum Crushing Strength 202 393 kg/cm2 Shearing Strength 74 kg/cm2 Stiffness 89 108 1000 kg/cm2 Toughness 149 cm-kg Work to Maximum Load 0.35 0.56 cm-kg/cm3 Specific Gravity 0.38 0.42 Weight 560 464 kg/m3 Radial Shrinkage 4 % Tangential Shrinkage 7 % References Betts, H.S.,1945,American Woods - Red Pine,USDA, Forest Service American Woods Boone, R.S., C.J. Kozlik, P.J. Bois and E.M. Wengert. 1988. Dry Kiln Schedules for Commercial Woods: Temperate and Tropical. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, General Technical Report FPL-GTR-57, Madison, Wisconsin. Brown, H.P. and Panshin, A.J.,1940,Commercial Timbers of the United States Their structure, identification,,properties and uses,McGraw-Hill, London Brown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World: - No.7 North America,TRADA Canadian Forestry Service. 1981. Canadian Woods - Their Properties and Uses. Third Edition. E.J. Mullins and T.S. McKnight, Editors. Published by University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Canada. Clifford, N.,1957,Timber Identification for the Builder and Architect,Leonard Hill (Books) LTD. London Constantine, Jr., A.J. 1975. Know Your Woods - A Complete Guide to Trees, Woods, and Veneers. Revised by H.J. Hobbs. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York. Dallimore, W. and Jackson, A. Bruce,1966,A Handbook of Coniferae and Ginkgoaceae Fourth Ed. Revised by S.G.,Harrison,Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd. London Forest Products Research Laboratory U.K.,1957,A Handbook of Softwoods,Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Forest Products Research,HMSO Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1945,A Handbook of Empire Timbers,Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Forest Products Research Fuster Riera, P.,1947,Primera Contribucion al Conocimiento de las Maderas de la Guinea,Continental Espanola. (first contribution to a knowledge of timbers from,Spanish Guinea.,Inst. de Estudios Africanos y de la Direccion General de Marruecos y,Colonias, Madrid,pp250 I.U.F.R.O.,1973,Veneer Species of the World,Assembled at F.P.L. Madison on behalf of I.U.F.R.O. Working Party on,Slicing and Veneer Cutting Kloot, N.H., Bolza, E.,1961,Properties of Timbers Imported into Australia,C.S.I.R.O. Forest Products Division Technological Paper,No.12 Little, E.L. 1980. The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees - Eastern Region. Published by Arthur A. Knopf, New York. Markwardt, L.J., Wilson, T.R.C.,1935,Strength and related properties of woods grown in the United States,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin,No.479 Mirov, N.T. 1967. The Genus PINUS. The Ronald Press Company, New York. LCC Card No. 67-14783. Mullins, E.J. and McKnight, T.S.,1981,Canadian Woods Their Properties and Uses,University of Toronto Press 3rd Edition Panshin, A.J. and C. deZeeuw. 1980. Textbook of Wood Technology, 4th Edition. McGraw-Hill Series in Forest Resources. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York. Patterson, D.,1988,Commercial Timbers of the World, 5th Edition,Gower Technical Press Rendle, B.J.,1969,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Ernest Benn Ltd. London Timber Development Association Ltd.,1955,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Timber Development Association Ltd. Titmuss, F.H.,1965,Commercial Timbers of the World,Technical Press Ltd., London, 3rd edition U.S.D.A. Forest Service,1974,Wood Handbook,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Handbook,72 USDA. 1987. Wood Handbook:Wood as an Engineering Material. Agriculture Handbook No. 72. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Madison, Wisconsin. USDA. 1988. Dry Kiln Operator's Manual - Preliminary Copy. Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.