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Blunting Effect
Boring
Carving
Comments
Common Names
Common Uses
Countries of Distribution
Cutting Resistance
Distribution Overview
Drying Defects
Ease of Drying
Environmental Profile
Family Name
Gluing
Grain
Heartwood Color
Kiln Drying Rate
Kiln Schedules
Luster
Mortising
Moulding
Movement in Service
Nailing
Natural Durability
Natural Growth Defects
Numerical Data
Odor
Planing
Polishing
References
Regions of Distribution
Resistance to Impregnation
Resistance to Splitting
Response to Hand Tools
Sanding
Sapwood Color
Scientific Name
Screwing
Staining
Strength Properties
Synonyms
Texture
Toxicity
Trade Name
Tree Identification
Tree Size
Turning
Varnishing
Veneering Qualities
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Synonyms
Geoffroya inermis
Common Names
Acapurana, Acatrus, Ajunado, Akoelie, Akoelie tjerere, Almendro, Almendro cimarron, Almendro de rio, Almendro del rio, Almendro macho, Almendro montes, Almendro real, Andira, Andira jareua, Andira uchy, Angelica, Angelim, Angelim da varzea, Angelim do igapo, Angelim morcegueiro, Angelim rana, Angelin, Angelino, Aracuhy, Arbre a chou, Arenillo, Avineira, Barbosquillo, Bastard cabbage, Bastard cabbage-bark, Bat seed, Black blossom berry, Black plum, Bois olive, Bois palmiste, Bois palmiste des Antilles, Cabbage angelim, Cabbage angelin, Cabbage bark tree, Cabbage-bark, Cabbage-bark tree, Carbon, Carne asada, Chaperno, Chigo, Chirai, Cochenilla, Cocu, Coeur dehors, Congo, Cornwood, Cuartololoti, Cuartoloti, Cuilimbuca, Cuilimbuco, Cujia, Cumaru-rana, Dog almond, Dog-plum, False mahogany, Guacamayo, Guayacan congo, Iximche, Jacaranda morcega, Kabbbes, Koeraroe, Koeraroe talaboe, Kohlbaum, Koraro, Kuraru, Kuraua, Leen, Legno pernice, Letterwood, Lmendro, Lombicero, Lombigueira, Lombricero, Maca colorado, Macallo, Macayo, Majagua gallina, Maquilla, Moca, Moca amarilla, Moca blaca, Moca blanca, Moca colorada, Morcegueira, Moton, Ocu, Pacay, Palo de burro, Palo de seca, Partridge wood, Peloto, Pheasant wood, Pilon, Pois pedirx, Purga, Quinillo colorado, Quira, Rebhuhnerholz, Rebhuhnholz, Red cabbage bark, Red cabbage tree, Reddie, Redietjabesi, Rere erepare, Rode kabbes, Rodes kabbes, Saint Martin, Saint Martin rouge, Saint-martin, Saint-Martin rouge, Sapupira da varzea, Tree cabbage, Trompilo, Uchy-rana, Vreemoesoehoedoe, wermrindenbaum, Wild olive, Wormbark, Wormwood, Yaba, Yaba amarilla, Yaba colorada, Yabo, Yava, Zwarte kabbes
Regions of Distribution
Africa, Central America, Latin America, Oceania and S.E. Asia
Countries of Distribution
[VIEW MAP]
Bahamas, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Brazil, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ghana, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Mexico, Panama, Peru, Puerto Rico [US], Senegal, Sudan, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela
Common Uses
Agricultural implements, Bedroom suites, Billiard-cue butts, Boat building (general), Boxes and crates, Bridge construction, Brush backs & handles, Building construction, Building materials, Cabin construction, Cabinetmaking, Carvings, Chairs, Chests, Concealed parts (Furniture), Construction, Crossties, Decorative veneer, Desks, Dining-room furniture, Domestic flooring, Dowell pins, Dowells, Drawer sides, Exterior trim & siding, Exterior uses, Factory construction, Figured veneer, Fine furniture, Floor lamps, Flooring, Framing, Furniture , Furniture components, Furniture squares or stock, Furniture, Handles: woodworking tools, Hatracks, Heavy construction, Kitchen cabinets, Light construction, Living-room suites, Marine construction, Millwork, Mine timbers, Office furniture, Parquet flooring, Piling, Plywood, Posts, Radio - stereo - TV cabinets, Railroad ties, Rustic furniture, Shakes, Sheathing, Turnery, Vehicle parts, Veneer: decorative, Walking sticks, Wheel spokes
Environmental Profile
Extinct
Endangered
| Secure in many areas of its range |
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| May be rare in some parts of its range |
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| Data source is World Conservation Monitoring Center |
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| Abundant |
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Extinct, Endangered, Vulnerable, or Rare within its range
Distribution Overview
Occurs throughout the West Indies and from southern Mexico through Central America to northern South America and Brazil. Andira inermis is native from southern Mexico to Peru, Bolivia and Brazil. It has been introduced in the Antilles, Caribbean islands, Florida and Africa. In most locations the tree will grow under varying rainfall and soil conditions.
Heartwood Color
| Brown |
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| Red |
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| Yellow |
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| Black |
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| Purple |
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| Orange |
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| Pink |
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| Tan |
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| Reddish brown |
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| Brown |
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| Black |
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| Yellow to golden-yellow to orange |
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| Yellowish tan |
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| Red |
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| Pale red to pink |
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Sapwood Color
| White |
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| Yellow |
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| Brown |
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| Red |
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| Pink |
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| Green/Grey |
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| Tan |
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| White to yellow |
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| Paler than heartwood |
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| Clearly differentiated from the heartwood |
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| Tan to brown in color |
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| Straw colored to grayish-white |
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| Pinkish |
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| Different than heartwood |
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Grain
| Figure |
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| Straight |
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| Distinct (figure) |
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| Interlocked |
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| Even |
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| Other (figure) |
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| Irregular |
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| Rays (figure) |
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| Rippled (figure) |
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| Growth rings (figure) |
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| Generally straight, but not always |
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| Distinct figure |
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| Interlocked |
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| Distinct and fine figure |
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| Other figure |
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| With distinct light and dark bands |
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| Rippled figure |
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| Rays figure |
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| Irregular |
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| Distinct figure |
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Distinctive figure produced by bands of light colored parenchyma tissue
Texture
| Coarse |
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| Fine |
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| Medium |
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| Coarse |
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| Medium |
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| Fine |
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Luster
| Low |
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| Medium |
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| Slightly lustrous |
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| Dull |
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| Lustrous |
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| Low |
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Natural Growth Defects
Natural Durability
| Durable |
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| Very durable |
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| Resistant to termites |
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| Susceptible to insect attack |
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| Non-resistant to powder post beetles |
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| Resistant to marine borers |
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| Non-resistant to termites |
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| Durable |
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| Very durable |
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| Resistant to attack from termites (Isoptera) |
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| Moderately resistant to marine borer attack |
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| Susceptible to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles |
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| Susceptible to attack from termites (Isoptera) |
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| Susceptible to wood staining fungal attack |
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| Sapwood susceptible to attack by powder post beetles |
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| Moderately resistant to attack by termites |
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| Heartwood resistant to decay |
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Odor
| No specific smell or taste |
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Toxicity
| Some toxic effects |
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| Unspecified toxicity |
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| Respiratory effects |
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| Poisonous |
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| Dermatitic effects |
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Kiln Schedules
| UK=E US=T6D2/T3D Fr=5 |
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| T3 - D2 (4/4)US |
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| Dry at a moderate speed |
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Drying Defects
| Distortion |
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| Checking |
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| Discoloration |
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| Slight surface checking |
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| Slight cupping |
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| Moderate twist/warp |
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Ease of Drying
| Fairly Easy |
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| Medium to High Shrinkage |
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| Slowly |
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| Reconditioning Treatement |
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| Moderately Difficult to Difficult |
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| Little degrade |
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| Easy |
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| Radial and tangential shrinkage tends to be rather large. |
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| Dries at a moderate rate with little degrade. |
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Kiln Drying Rate
| Naturally dries at a moderate speed |
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Tree Identification
| Bole/stem form is not buttressed |
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Tree Size
| Tree height is 30-40 m |
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| Tree height is 20-30 m |
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| Trunk diameter is 100-150 cm |
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| Bole length is 20-30 m |
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| Tree height is 10-20 m |
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| Bole length is 10-20 m |
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| Trunk diameter is 150-200 cm |
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| Tree height is 0-10 m |
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Comments
General finishing qualities are rated as good
Generally strong and tough for its weight.
Blunting Effect
| Moderate |
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| Blunting effect on machining is moderate |
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Boring
| Fairly easy to very easy |
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| Very good to excellent results |
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| Fair to good results |
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| Good (75+ pieces out of 100 will yield good to excellent results) |
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| Easy |
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Carving
| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Very good results |
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Cutting Resistance
| Easy to saw |
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| Low resistance to sawing |
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Gluing
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Easy to glue |
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| Satisfactory gluing properties |
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Mortising
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Easy to mortise |
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Moulding
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Good moulding properties |
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| Easy to mould |
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Movement in Service
| Excellent Stability - Small Movement |
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| Fair to Good Stability - Medium Movement |
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| Small |
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| Stable |
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Nailing
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Easy to nail |
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| Difficult |
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| Holds nails well |
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Planing
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Poor to Very Poor Results |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Ease of planing is moderate |
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| Planes to a poor finish |
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| Easy to plane |
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| Planes well, to a good finish |
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| Difficult to plane |
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Resistance to Impregnation
| Resistant sapwood |
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| Resistant heartwood |
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| Sapwood has low permeability |
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| Heartwood is resistant |
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Resistance to Splitting
Response to Hand Tools
| Easy to Work |
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| Fairly Difficult to Difficult to Work |
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| Responds Readily |
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| Easy to machine |
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| Moderate working qualities |
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| Difficult to machine |
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| Responds well to hand tools |
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Sanding
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Good sanding finish |
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| Easy to sand |
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Screwing
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Good screw holding properties |
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Turning
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
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| Poor to Very Poor Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Good results |
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| Poor results |
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| Good results |
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| Difficult to turn |
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Veneering Qualities
| Suitable for slicing |
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| Can sometimes be sliced into highly decorative veneers for paneling |
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Polishing
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Poor to Very Poor Results |
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| Surface Preparation |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Satisfactory results |
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| Poor results |
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| Good results |
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Staining
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Surface Preparation |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Finish is generally satisfactory |
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| Finish is generally good |
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Varnishing
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Surface Preparation |
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| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Good after filling |
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Strength Properties
| Density (dry weight) = 46-52 lbs/cu. ft. |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = medium |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = small |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = moderate |
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| Max. crushing strength = medium |
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| Density (dry Weight) = >50 lbs/cu. ft |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = large |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = very small |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = small |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = fairly large |
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| Max. crushing strength = high |
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| Hardness (side grain) = Hard |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = low |
|
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| Bending strength (MOR) = high |
|
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Numerical Data
| Item | Green | Dry | English |
| | | |
| Bending Strength | 9463 | 16853 | psi |
| Density | | 50 | lbs/ft3 |
| Hardness | | 2020 | lbs |
| Maximum Crushing Strength | 4662 | 8299 | psi |
| Shearing Strength | | 1803 | psi |
| Stiffness | 2167 | 2530 | 1000 psi |
| Specific Gravity | 0.57 | | |
| Weight | 57 | 50 | lbs/ft3 |
| Radial Shrinkage | 4 | | % |
| Tangential Shrinkage | 8 | | % |
| Volumetric Shrinkage | 12 | | % |
| | | |
| Item | Green | Dry | Metric |
| | | |
| Bending Strength | 665 | 1184 | kg/cm2 |
| Density | | 801 | kg/m3 |
| Hardness | | 916 | kg |
| Maximum Crushing Strength | 327 | 583 | kg/cm2 |
| Shearing Strength | | 126 | kg/cm2 |
| Stiffness | 152 | 177 | 1000 kg/cm2 |
| Specific Gravity | 0.57 | | |
| Weight | 913 | 801 | kg/m3 |
| Radial Shrinkage | 4 | | % |
| Tangential Shrinkage | 8 | | % |
References
Ackerman, D.P., Krogh, P.M.D.,1961,Brachystegia Species for Railway Sleepers,Forestry in South Africa N0.1 July, pp47-49
Arkwright, P.,1959,Know your Timber No.60 Andira inermis,Woodworking Industry,16(3, p151
Association Technique Internationale des Bois Tropicaux,1955,Nomenclature Generale des Bois Tropicaux,Assoc. Tec. Int. des Bois Tropicaux Nogent-sur-Marne France
Berni, C.A., Bolza, E., Christensen, F.J.,1979,South American Timbers - The Characteristics, Properties and Uses of 190,Species,C.S.I.R.O Div. Building Research
Boone, R.S., C.J. Kozlik, P.J. Bois, E.M. Wengert. 1988. Dry Kiln Schedules for Commercial Hardwoods -Temperate and Tropical. USDA, Forest Service, General Technical Report FPL-GTR-57, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.
Brazier, J.D., Franklin, G.L.,1967,An Appraisal of the Wood Characteristics and Potential Uses of some,Nicaraguan Timbers,FAO for Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough
Brown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World, No. 9 Central America and the Caribbean,TRADA, Red Booklet Series
Chichignoud, M., G. Deon, P. Detienne, B. Parant and P. Vantomme. 1990. Tropical Timber Atlas of Latin America. International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO, Centre Technique Forestier Tropical, Division of CIRAD, 45 bis Avenue de la Belle Gabrielle, Nogent-sur-Marne, CEDEX, France.
Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison.
Clifford, N.,1953,Commercial Hardwoods - Their Characteristics Identification and,Utilization,Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons Ltd. London
Constantine, Jr., A. J. 1959. Know Your Woods - A Complete Guide to Trees, Woods, and Veneers. Revised Edition. Revised by H.J. Hobbs. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York.
Erfurth, T., Rusche, H.,1976,The Marketing of Tropical Wood B. Wood Species from S. American Tropical,Moist Forests,F.A.O. Forestry Department
Fanshawe, D.B.,1954,Forest Products of British Guiana Part 1 Principal Timbers,Forest Department British Guiana Forestry Bulletin (New Series 2nd,Edition,No.1
Flores Rodriguez, L.J.,1969,Description Caracteristicas y usos de 25 Maderas tropicales,Mexicanas,Camera Nacional de la Industria de la Construccion Serie Maderas de Mexico
Fors, A.J.,1965,Maderas Cubanas,Inst. Nac. Ref. Agraria La Habara
Howard, A.L.,1948,A Manual of Timbers of the World.,Macmillan & Co. Ltd. London 3rd ed.
Irvine, F.R.,1961,Woody Plants of Ghana,O.U.P. London
Keay, R.W.J. 1989. Trees of Nigeria. Revised Version of Nigerian Trees. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
Kline, M. 1987. Andira inermis - Patridge wood. In A Guide to Useful Woods of the World, Flynn Jr., J.H., Editor. King Philip Publishing Co., Portland, Maine. 1994. Page 41-42.
Kribs, D.A.,1950,Commercial and Foreign Woods on the American Market (a manual to their,structure, identification, uses and distribution,U.S.A. Penn. State College, Tropical Woods Laboratory
Lang, W.G.,1954,Forest Utilization in Saint Lucia British West Indies,Caribbean Forester 15 pp120-3
Little, E.L., Wadsworth, F.H.,1964,Common Trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook,No.249
Little, E.L.,1948,A Collection of Tree Specimens from Western Ecuador,Caribbean Forester,9(3,pp215-98
Longwood, F.R.,1961,Puerto Rican Woods - Their Machining Seasoning and Related Characteristics,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook,No.205
Longwood, F.R.,1962,Commercial Timbers of the Caribbean,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook,No.207
Marshall, R.C.,1934,Trees of Trinidad and Tobago,Government Printer Port of Spain Trinidad
Patterson, D.,1988,Commercial Timbers of the World, 5th Edition,Gower Technical Press
Record, S.J., Hess, R.W.,1943,Timbers of the New World,Yale University Press
Record, S.J., Mell, C.D.,1924,Timbers of Tropical America,Yale Univ. Press
Record, S.J.,1927,Trees of Honduras,Tropical Woods,10, pp10-47
Sallenave, P.,1955,Proprietes Phyiques et Mecaniques des Bois Tropicaux de l'Union Francaise,C.T.F.T
Smith, E.E.,1954,The Forests of Cuba,Maria Moors Cabot Foundation,U.S.A. Publication, No. 2
Swabey, C.,1941,The Principal Timbers of Jamaica,Department of Science and Agriculture Jamaica Bulletin No.29
Takahashi, A.,1975,Compilation of data on the Mechanical Properties of Foreign Woods (Part 2,Central and South America,Shimane University, Japan, Research Report on Foreign Wood No.4
Timber Development Association,1948,Some New Timbers and Their Uses No. 34,Timber Development Association Limited, London [TRADA]
Titmuss, F.H.,1965,Commercial Timbers of the World,Technical Press Ltd., London, 3rd edition
USDA. 1987. Wood Handbook - Wood as an Engineering Material. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Agriculture Handbook No. 72, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.
Vink, A.T.,1965,Surinam Timbers,Surinam Forest Service Paramaribo,3rd rev. ed.
WCMC. 1992. Conservation Status Listing - Trees and Timbers of the World. World Conservation Monitoring Center-Plants Programme, Cambridge, CB3 ODL, United Kingdom.
Woods, R.P.,1949,Timbers of South America,TRADA, Red Booklet Series
Wood, B., Calnan, D.,1976,Toxic Woods,British Journal of Dermat 94 Suppl. 13
Zeeuw, C. de, Gray, R.L.,1975,Tropical Timber Information Centre Brief No.1 - Andira Spp,TTIC
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