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Blunting Effect
Boring
Carving
Comments
Common Names
Common Uses
Countries of Distribution
Cutting Resistance
Distribution Overview
Drying Defects
Ease of Drying
Environmental Profile
Family Name
Gluing
Grain
Heartwood Color
Kiln Drying Rate
Kiln Schedules
Light-Induced Color Change
Luster
Mortising
Moulding
Movement in Service
Nailing
Natural Durability
Natural Growth Defects
Numerical Data
Odor
Planing
Polishing
Product Sources
References
Regions of Distribution
Resin Content
Resistance to Impregnation
Resistance to Splitting
Response to Hand Tools
Routing & Recessing
Sanding
Sapwood Color
Scientific Name
Screwing
Staining
Steam Bending
Strength Properties
Texture
Trade Name
Tree Identification
Tree Size
Turning
Veneering Qualities
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Common Names
Alcanfor, Anime, Azucarito, Balsamo, Bois Encens, Breu Branco, Breu preto, Bálsamo, Carano, Chutra, Common kurokai, Copal, Copal caspi, Elimi, Fontole, Incense tree, Incienso, Kurokai, Latilla, Maruwa, Pom, Porokai, Sucuriúba, Tacamahaco, Tingimoni, Tingimonie, Waruwai
Regions of Distribution
Central America, Latin America
Countries of Distribution
[VIEW MAP]
Brazil, Columbia, French Guiana, Guyana, Honduras, Mexico, Panama, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela
Common Uses
Beams, Boat building: masts, Boxes and crates, Building construction, Building materials, Cabin construction, Cabinetmaking, Chairs, Chests, Concealed parts (Furniture), Concrete formwork, Construction, Core Stock, Decks, Decorative plywood, Decorative veneer, Desks, Dining-room furniture, Dowell pins, Dowells, Drawer sides, Factory construction, Figured veneer, Fine furniture, Floor lamps, Form work, Foundation posts, Framing, Furniture , Furniture components, Furniture squares or stock, Furniture, Hatracks, Heavy construction, Interior construction, Interior trim, Joinery, Joists, Kitchen cabinets, Light construction, Living-room suites, Millwork, Office furniture, Paneling, Particleboard, Plain veneer, Plywood, Veneer
Environmental Profile
| Status has not been officially assessed |
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Distribution Overview
The species occurs throughout tropical America, and is most abundant in the Amazon basin. It is frequent in the marsh forests of Guyana.
Heartwood Color
| Brown |
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| Red |
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| Pink |
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| Yellow |
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| Purple |
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| Black |
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| Orange |
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| Pale red to pink |
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| Brown |
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| Reddish brown |
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| Yellow to golden-yellow to orange |
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| Greenish to greyish |
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| Pinkish brown |
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| Pale brown |
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| Occasional reddish-brown streaks may affect appearance |
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Sapwood Color
| White |
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| Pink |
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| Brown |
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| Yellow |
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| Different than heartwood |
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| Well defined |
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| White to yellow |
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| Pinkish |
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| Paler than heartwood |
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| Same as heartwood |
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| Not always clearly defined |
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Grain
| Interlocked |
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| Straight |
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| Figure |
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| Other (figure) |
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| Even |
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| Interlocked |
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| Straight |
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| Other figure |
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| Straight to shallowly interlocked |
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Texture
| Fine |
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| Uniform |
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| Medium |
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| Resinous and oily |
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| Even or uniform |
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| Coarse |
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| Medium to coarse |
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| Fine |
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| Fine to medium |
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| Fine and uniform |
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Luster
| Low |
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| Pronounced |
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| Slightly lustrous |
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| Lustrous |
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Natural Growth Defects
| Gum/resin exudation |
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| Gum/resin streaks |
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Natural Durability
| Susceptible to insect attack |
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| Non-durable |
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| Non-resistant to termites |
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| Durable |
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| Non-resistant to powder post beetles |
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| Perishable |
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| Non-resistant to marine borers |
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| Moderately durable |
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| Non durable |
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| Susceptible to attack from termites (Isoptera) |
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| Susceptible to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles |
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| Susceptible to marine borer attack |
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| Sapwood is susceptible to wood staining fungal attack |
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| Pinworms (ambrosia beetles) are commonly present |
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Vulnerable to dry-wood termites in the West Indies.
Odor
| Has an odor |
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| No specific smell or taste |
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Resin Content
| Contains considerable amont of odorous, pale-colored resin in bark |
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Light-Induced Color Change
Kiln Schedules
| UK=C US=T3C2/T3C1 Fr=3 |
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| T3 - C2 (4/4) US |
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| T3 - C1 (8/4) US |
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| Schedule C - UNited Kingdom |
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| Drying (speed) is fast |
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| Dry at a moderate speed |
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Drying Defects
| Resin Exudation |
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| Splitting |
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| Distortion |
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| Moderate twist/warp |
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| Moderate cupping |
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| Moderate surface checking |
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Ease of Drying
| Fairly Easy |
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| Gum Exudation |
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| Slowly |
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| Reconditioning Treatement |
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| Little degrade |
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| Moderate |
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| Difficult |
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| Requires care to minimize seasoning degrade |
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| Dries rapidly |
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Kiln Drying Rate
| Naturally dries slowly |
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| Very slow |
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| Rapid |
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| Drying rate is fairly rapid to fast |
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| Drying rate is slow |
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Tree Identification
| Bole/stem form is buttressed |
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| Bole/stem form is fluted |
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| Bole/stem form is straight |
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Tree Size
| Trunk diameter is 100-150 cm |
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| Sapwood width is 10-15 cm |
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| Tree height is 40-50 m |
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| Tree height is 30-40 m |
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| Sapwood width is 5-10 cm |
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| Sapwood width is 20-25 cm |
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| Sapwood width is 15-20 cm |
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| Bole length is 20-30 m |
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| Trunk diameter is 150-200 cm |
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Product Sources
The ITTO reports that timber from this species is produced at a low rate. It is occasionally exported.
Comments
General finishing qualities are rated as good
Resin in bark is used for incense and medicinal purposes
Blunting Effect
| Moderate |
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| High to severe |
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| Blunting effect on machining is moderate |
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| Medium effect |
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Boring
| Fairly difficult to very difficult |
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| Fair to good results |
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| Fairly easy to very easy |
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| Requires strong hold to prevent chipping of exit holes |
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| Moderately easy |
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| Easy |
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Carving
| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
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| Easy in non-interlocked areas |
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Cutting Resistance
| Easy to saw |
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| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult to saw |
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| Cutting Resistance with green wood is difficult |
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| Cutting Resistance with dry wood is moderate |
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Gluing
| Moderate gluing properties |
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Mortising
| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
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| Interlocked grain effects mortising |
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| Easy to mortise |
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Moulding
| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
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| Requires support at tool exits to prevent breaking out |
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Movement in Service
| Excellent Stability - Small Movement |
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| Fair to Good Stability - Medium Movement |
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| Moderate stability |
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| Medium |
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Nailing
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Pre-Boring Recommended |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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Planing
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Planes well, to a good finish |
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| Planes to a satisfactory finish |
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| Ease of planing is moderate |
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| Difficult to plane |
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| Areas of interlocked grain may cause tearing |
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Resistance to Impregnation
| Resistant heartwood |
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| Resistant sapwood |
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| Permeable sapwood |
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| Heartwood is highly resistant |
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| Sapwood is modertely permeable |
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| Sapwood is moderately resistant |
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| Heartwood is resistant |
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Resistance to Splitting
Response to Hand Tools
| Easy to Work |
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| Fairly Difficult to Difficult to Work |
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| Moderate working qualities |
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| Easy to machine |
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| Wood free from interlocked responds well |
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| Difficult to machine |
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Routing & Recessing
| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
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| Routing interlocked grain requires special attention |
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Sanding
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Material with interlocked grain requires care |
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Screwing
Turning
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Material with interlocked grain requires extra attention |
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| Good results |
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| Easy to turn |
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Veneering Qualities
| Suitable for peeling |
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| Veneers moderately easy |
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| Veneers easily |
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| Difficult to veneer |
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| No drying degrade |
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| Good gluing qualities |
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| Easy to cut |
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| Bolt preparation requires steaming |
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| There is slight to moderate drying degrade and the potential for buckles and splits |
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| Suitable for peeling |
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| Gluing results are variable |
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| Drying degrade is often moderate to severe, with collapse, buckles, and splilts |
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Steam Bending
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Exudation |
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| Poor to Very Poor Results |
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| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
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| Moderate |
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Polishing
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Surface Preparation |
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| Satisfactory results |
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| Good results |
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Staining
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Surface Preparation |
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| Finish is generally satisfactory |
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Strength Properties
| Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. |
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| Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft. |
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| Hardness (side grain) = soft |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = medium |
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| Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = medium |
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| Max. crushing strength = high |
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| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = medium |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = moderate |
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| Density (dry weight) = 46-52 lbs/cu. ft. |
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| Density (dry weight) = 23-30 lbs/cu. ft. |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = very high |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = high |
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| Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = medium |
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| Toughness (total work) = low |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large |
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| Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low |
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| Resists denting and marring |
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| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low |
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| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = high |
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| Max. crushing strength = medium |
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| Max. crushing strength = low |
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| Heavy |
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| Hardness (side grain) = medium |
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| Density = high |
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Numerical Data
| Item | Green | Dry | English |
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| Bending Strength | 11314 | 17164 | psi |
| Density | | 38 | lbs/ft3 |
| Hardness | | 1087 | lbs |
| Impact Strength | 28 | 39 | inches |
| Maximum Crushing Strength | 5726 | 9128 | psi |
| Shearing Strength | | 2115 | psi |
| Stiffness | 1650 | 1939 | 1000 psi |
| Toughness | | 250 | inch-lbs |
| Work to Maximum Load | 10 | 15 | inch-lbs/in3 |
| Specific Gravity | 0.49 | | |
| Weight | 38 | 37 | lbs/ft3 |
| Radial Shrinkage | 4 | | % |
| Tangential Shrinkage | 7 | | % |
| Volumetric Shrinkage | 11 | | % |
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| Item | Green | Dry | Metric |
| | | |
| Bending Strength | 795 | 1206 | kg/cm2 |
| Density | | 608 | kg/m3 |
| Hardness | | 493 | kg |
| Impact Strength | 71 | 98 | cm |
| Maximum Crushing Strength | 402 | 641 | kg/cm2 |
| Shearing Strength | | 148 | kg/cm2 |
| Stiffness | 116 | 136 | 1000 kg/cm2 |
| Toughness | | 288 | cm-kg |
| Work to Maximum Load | 0.70 | 1.05 | cm-kg/cm3 |
| Specific Gravity | 0.49 | | |
| Weight | 608 | 592 | kg/m3 |
| Radial Shrinkage | 4 | | % |
| Tangential Shrinkage | 7 | | % |
References
Berni, C.A., Bolza, E., Christensen, F.J.,1979,South American Timbers - The Characteristics, Properties and Uses of 190,Species,C.S.I.R.O Div. Building Research
Boone, R.S., C.J. Kozlik, P.J. Bois, E.M. Wengert. 1988. Dry Kiln Schedules for Commercial Hardwoods - Temperate and Tropical. USDA, Forest Service, General Technical Report FPL-GTR-57, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.
Brown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World, No. 2 South America,TRADA, Red Booklet Series
Chichignoud, M., G. Deon, P. Detienne, B. Parant and P. Vantomme. 1990. Tropical Timber Atlas of Latin America. International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO, Centre Technique Forestier Tropical, Division of CIRAD, 45 bis Avenue de la Belle Gabrielle, Nogent-sur-Marne, CEDEX, France.
Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison.
Clifford, N.,1957,Timber Identification for the Builder and Architect,Leonard Hill (Books) LTD. London
Constantine, Jr., A. J. 1959. Know Your Woods - A Complete Guide to Trees, Woods, and Veneers. Revised Edition. Revised by H.J. Hobbs. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York.
Erfurth, T., Rusche, H.,1976,The Marketing of Tropical Wood B. Wood Species from S. American Tropical,Moist Forests,F.A.O. Forestry Department
Fanshawe, D.B.,1954,Forest Products of British Guiana Part 1 Principal Timbers,Forest Department British Guiana Forestry Bulletin (New Series 2nd,Edition,No.1
Forests Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1956,A Handbook of Hardwoods,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Department of,Science and Industrial Research, Building Research Establishment
France - C.T.F.T./C.T.B.,1982,Guide pour le Choix des Essences Deroulables-pour la fabrication du,contreplaque,C.T.F.T./C.T.B. France
HMSO. 1981. Handbook of Hardwoods, 2nd Edition. Revised by R.H. Farmer, Department of the Environment, Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire.
I.U.F.R.O.,1973,Veneer Species of the World,Assembled at F.P.L. Madison on behalf of I.U.F.R.O. Working Party on,Slicing and Veneer Cutting
Lavers, G. M. 1966. The Strength Properties of Timbers. Forest Products Research Bulletin, No. 50. Ministry of Technology, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London.
Lavers, G.M.,1983,The Strength Properties of Timber (3rd ed. revised Moore G.L.,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Report (formerly Bulletin No.50)
Longwood, F.R.,1962,Commercial Timbers of the Caribbean,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook,No.207
Polak, A.M.,1992,Major Timber Trees of Guyana A Field Guide,The Tropenbos Foundation Wageningen, The Netherlands
Slooten, H.J. van der,1970,Evaluation Study of eighteen Wood Species from Guyana for Veneer and,Plywood Manufacture,Forest Industries Development Survey FAO Report SF/GUY9 Tech. Report,No.13,U.N.D.P.
Takahashi, A.,1975,Compilation of data on the Mechanical Properties of Foreign Woods (Part 2,Central and South America,Shimane University, Japan, Research Report on Foreign Wood No.4
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