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Blunting Effect
Boring
Carving
Certified Source
Comments
Common Names
Common Uses
Countries of Distribution
Cutting Resistance
Distribution Overview
Drying Defects
Ease of Drying
Environmental Profile
Family Name
Gluing
Grain
Heartwood Color
Kiln Drying Rate
Kiln Schedules
Luster
Mortising
Moulding
Movement in Service
Nailing
Natural Durability
Natural Growth Defects
Numerical Data
Odor
Painting
Planing
Polishing
Product Sources
References
Regions of Distribution
Resistance to Abrasion
Resistance to Impregnation
Resistance to Splitting
Response to Hand Tools
Routing & Recessing
Sanding
Sapwood Color
Scientific Name
Screwing
Staining
Steam Bending
Strength Properties
Substitutes
Synonyms
Texture
Toxicity
Trade Name
Tree Identification
Tree Size
Turning
Varnishing
Veneering Qualities
Weathering
| |
Synonyms
Pseudotsuga taxifolia
Common Names
Blue Douglas-fir, British Columbia pine, British Columbian pine, Coast Douglas-fir, Colorado Douglas-fir, Colorado pino real, Colorado real, Columbian Pine, Douglas fir, Douglas spruce, Douglas-fir, Douglas-fir (Coast), Inland Douglas-fir, Interior Douglas-fir, Oregon Douglas-fir, Oregon pine, Puget Sound pine, Red fir, Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir, Yellow fir
Regions of Distribution
Central America, North America
Countries of Distribution
[VIEW MAP]
Canada, Mexico, United States
Common Uses
Agricultural implements, Beams, Boat building (general), Boat building: decking, Boat building: framing, Boat building: masts, Boxes and crates, Bridge construction, Building construction, Building materials, Cabin construction, Cabinetmaking, Casks, Concrete formwork, Construction, Cooperages, Core Stock, Decorative veneer, Domestic flooring, Factory construction, Factory flooring, Figured veneer, Flooring, Form work, Foundation posts, Framing, Furniture, Heavy construction, Interior construction, Interior trim, Joinery (external): ground contact, Joinery, Joists, Ladders, Light construction, Lock gates, Marine construction, Millwork, Mine timbers, Packing cases, Paneling, Parquet flooring, Pile-driver cushions, Piling, Plain veneer, Plywood, Poles, Porch columns, Posts, Pulp/Paper products, Railroad cars, Railroad ties, Rough construction, Sporting Goods, Structural plywood, Structural work, Studs, Sub-flooring, Utility crossarms, Utility plywood, Vats, Vehicle parts, Veneer, Warehouse construction, Wharf construction
Environmental Profile
| Vulnerable |
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| Abundant/Secure |
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| Widespread, abundant, and globally secure |
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| Rare in some parts of its range, particularly at the periphery |
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| Data source is World Conservation Monitoring Center |
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Distribution Overview
The growth range of Douglas fir includes Alberta, British Columbia, Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Minnesota, Montana, New Mexico, Nevada, New York, Oregon, Texas, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. Coast Douglas-fir occurs in pure stands of vast forests on moist, well drained soils. Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir may occur in pure stands or mixed coniferous forests, and thrive mainly on rocky soils of mountain slopes. Douglas-fir has also been introduced to other regions in the world, including Great Britain, Ireland, France, Belgium, Germany, New Zealand, and Australia as a source of timber.
Heartwood Color
| Red |
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| Brown |
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| Pink |
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| Yellow |
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| Black |
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| Orange |
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| Purple |
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| Yellow to golden-yellow to orange |
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| Reddish brown |
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| Red |
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| Pale red to pink |
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| Brown |
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| Yellow |
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| White to cream |
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| Light red |
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| Large color variation |
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| Dark brown |
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There is typically a clean-cut division between the hard, red-brown summerwood bands and the paler, softer, pinkish-yellow springwood
Sapwood Color
| White |
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| Yellow |
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| Brown |
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| Green/Grey |
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| Pink |
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| Paler than heartwood |
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| White to yellow |
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| Well defined |
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| Reddish white |
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| Pinkish |
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Grain
| Figure |
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| Straight |
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| Distinct (figure) |
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| Wavy |
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| Irregular |
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| Crossed |
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| Closed |
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| Straight |
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| Distinct figure |
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| Wavy |
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| Distinct and very fine figure |
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| Occasionally wavy |
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| Irregular |
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| Irregular or uneven grain occasionally |
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| Grain shows flame-shaped outlines |
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| Figure shows spiral |
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Tendency towards curly or wavy characteristics sometimes.
Texture
| Coarse |
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| Medium |
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| Fine |
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| Medium to coarse |
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| Coarse |
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| Uniform |
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| Uneven |
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| Medium |
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| Fine to medium |
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Wood with narrow growth rings are quite uniform in texture while those with wider rings are very often uneven textured
Luster
Natural Growth Defects
| Latex or other ducts |
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| Spongy heart may be present. |
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| Gum/resin streaks |
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| Gum/resin exudation |
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Natural Durability
| Very durable |
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| Durable |
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| Resistant to termites |
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| Susceptible to insect attack |
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| Resistant to powder post beetles |
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| Non-resistant to powder post beetles |
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| Non-resistant to marine borers |
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| Non-resistant to termites |
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| Resistant to marine borers |
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| Moderately durable |
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| Durable |
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| Susceptible to attack from termites (Isoptera) |
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| Susceptible to marine borer attack |
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| Resistant to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles |
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| Non durable |
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| Very little natural resistance |
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| Resistant to attack from pinworms (ambrosia beetles) |
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| Pinworms (ambrosia beetles) are commonly present |
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| Needs chemical protection in high decay conditions |
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| Moderately resistant to termite (Isoptera) attack |
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Weathering
Odor
| Has an odor |
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| No distinctive taste |
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| Green wood has resinous odor |
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Toxicity
| Some toxic effects |
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| Respiratory effects |
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| Dermatitic effects |
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Kiln Schedules
| Drying (speed) is fast |
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| UK=K US=T13C4S/T11D3S |
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| UK=H US=T10D4S/T8D3S Fr=7 |
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| T11 - A4 (4/4) US |
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| T10 - A3 (8/4) US |
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| Schedule K (4/4) United Kingdom |
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Drying Defects
| Splitting |
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| Checking |
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| Slight surface checking |
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| Slight twist/warp |
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| Slight end splitting |
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| No surface checking |
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| Slight cupping |
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| No twisting or warping |
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| No cupping, generally |
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| Expect slight degrade due to knots, splits, and loosening |
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| Expect moderate degrade due to knots, splits, and loosening |
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| Slight collapse and honeycomb |
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| Ring failure |
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| Red-Brown chemical stains, and gray sapwood stains are common |
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Ease of Drying
| Fairly Easy |
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| Slowly |
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| Rapidly |
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| Variable |
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| Reconditioning Treatement |
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| Little degrade |
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| Easy |
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| Moderate |
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| Heartwood has low moisture content |
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| Dries rapidly |
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Kiln Drying Rate
| Very slow |
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| Naturally dries at a moderate speed |
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| Naturally dries slowly |
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| Naturally dries quickly |
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| Drying rate is slow |
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Tree Identification
| Bole/stem form is straight |
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Tree Size
| Sapwood width is 10-15 cm |
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| Sapwood width is 15-20 cm |
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| Tree height is 30-40 m |
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| Sapwood width is 20-25 cm |
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| Bole length is 10-20 m |
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| Trunk diameter is 100-150 cm |
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| Trunk diameter is 150-200 cm |
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| Sapwood width is 5-10 cm |
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| Tree height is 20-30 m |
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| Tree height is 40-50 m |
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| Bole length is 20-30 m |
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| Tree height is 50-60 m |
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| Bole length is 30-40 m |
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| Sapwood width is 0-5 cm |
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Resinous exudates from any cut on the living tree is reported to leave a coating of yellow rosin as a protection against insect or fungal attack, after the turpentine evaporates
Product Sources
Supplies of Douglas-fir are adequate since the species grows rapidly, and its growth range extends over a wide area in North America. It is usually priced in the medium to lower range. Remarkably knot-free, strong, and light, Douglas-fir is considered to be one of the best known softwood timbers.
Certified Source
Substitutes
Western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla)
Comments
Douglas-Fir is reported to produce the most, in total volume, of timber, lumber, and plywood for veneer
General finishing qualities are rated as good
Generally stron and hard
Lumber from old trees is valuable because it is free of knots
Blunting Effect
| Moderate |
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| High to severe |
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| Blunting effect on machining is moderate |
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| Harder late wood can blunt edges |
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| Blunting effect on machining is slight |
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Boring
| Fairly easy to very easy |
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| Fair to good results |
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| Very good results |
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Carving
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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Cutting Resistance
| Easy to saw |
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| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult to saw |
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| Level of difficulty depends on percentage of latewood |
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| Difficult to saw |
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Gluing
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Easy to glue |
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| Moderate gluing properties |
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| Very good properties |
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Mortising
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Moderately easy to mortise |
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| Excellent mortising properties |
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Moulding
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Moulding ease is moderate |
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| Excellent moulding properties |
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Movement in Service
| Excellent Stability - Small Movement |
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| Small |
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| Medium |
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Nailing
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Pre-Boring Recommended |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Poor to Very Poor Results |
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| Holds satisfactorily |
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| Easy to nail |
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| Difficult to nail |
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| Nailing hold is generally excellent |
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| Excellent resistance to splitting in nailing operations |
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Planing
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Ease of planing is moderate |
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| Planes to a satisfactory finish |
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| Excellent planing qualities |
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| Easy to plane |
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Resistance to Abrasion
| Peel and slice easily because they are typically well-formed and not very hard |
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| Highly resistant to wear |
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Resistance to Impregnation
| Resistant heartwood |
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| Resistant sapwood |
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| Permeable heartwood |
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| Permeable sapwood |
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| Heartwood is resistant |
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| Heartwood is highly resistant |
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| Heartwood is moderately resistant |
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| Sapwood is resistant |
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| Sapwood is permeable |
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| Sapwood is modertely permeable |
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| Sapwood is extremely resistant |
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Resistance to Splitting
Response to Hand Tools
| Easy to Work |
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| Fairly Difficult to Difficult to Work |
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| Easy to machine |
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| Moderate working qualities |
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| Difficult to machine |
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| Variable qualities |
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| Sharp cutting edges prevent tearing |
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| Latewood is difficult to work |
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Routing & Recessing
Sanding
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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Screwing
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Pre-boring recommended |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Easy to screw |
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| Satisfactory results |
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| Screws hold very well |
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| Screwing yields good results |
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| Excellent screwing properties |
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| Difficult to screw |
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Turning
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Very good |
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Veneering Qualities
| Suitable for slicing |
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| Veneers easily |
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| Veneers moderately easy |
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| Suitable for peeling |
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| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| There is slight to moderate drying degrade and the potential for buckles and splits |
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| Suitable for peeling |
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| No drying degrade. Dries flat without splitting |
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| Moderately easy to veneer |
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Pronounced color differences in earlywood and latewood are reported to result in a distinctive grain pattern when logs are rotary peeled into veneers.
Steam Bending
Painting
| Satisfactory results |
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| Poor results |
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| Good results |
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Polishing
| Fair to Good Results |
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| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Satisfactory results |
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| Good results |
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Staining
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Finish is generally satisfactory |
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| Finish is generally good |
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| Satisfactory staining properties |
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Some stock may develop a slight pinkish to salmon color when finished with some products. Care should be taken to avoid overstaining when refinishing old floors, beacuse of potential color change. Rotary cut veneers are reported to display such strong natural color that staining is sometimes unnecessary.
Varnishing
| Satisfactory |
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| Good results |
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Strength Properties
| Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft. |
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| Max. crushing strength = medium |
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| Hardness (side grain) = very soft |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = low |
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| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = medium |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = medium |
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| Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low |
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| Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low |
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| Max. crushing strength (stiffness) = very low |
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| Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = low |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate |
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| Hardness (side grain) = soft |
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| Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = very small |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = moderate |
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| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low |
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| Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = medium |
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| Toughness (total work) = low |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = very small |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = small |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = fairly large |
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| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low |
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| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = high |
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| Max. crushing strength = low |
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| Density (dry weight) = 15-22 lbs/cu. ft. |
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| Weight = moderate |
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| Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = high |
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| Toughness (total work) = very low |
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| Toughness (total work) = medium |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = small |
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| Max. crushing strength = high |
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| Hardness (side grain) = medium |
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| Density (dry weight) = 46-52 lbs/cu. ft. |
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| Compression strength (parallel to grain) = high |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = very low |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = high |
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Max. crushing strength = very high
Numerical Data
| Item | Green | Dry | English |
| | | |
| Bending Strength | 7558 | 12238 | psi |
| Crushing Strength | 446 | 872 | psi |
| Density | | 33 | lbs/ft3 |
| Hardness | | 616 | lbs |
| Impact Strength | 25 | 36 | inches |
| Maximum Crushing Strength | 3906 | 6951 | psi |
| Shearing Strength | | 1172 | psi |
| Static Bending | 4572 | 8428 | psi |
| Stiffness | 1554 | 1917 | 1000 psi |
| Toughness | | 170 | inch-lbs |
| Work to Maximum Load | 6 | 9 | inch-lbs/in3 |
| Specific Gravity | 0.43 | 0.47 | |
| Weight | 33 | 31 | lbs/ft3 |
| Radial Shrinkage | 4 | | % |
| Tangential Shrinkage | 7 | | % |
| Volumetric Shrinkage | 12 | | % |
| | | |
| Item | Green | Dry | Metric |
| | | |
| Bending Strength | 531 | 860 | kg/cm2 |
| Crushing Strength | 31 | 61 | kg/cm2 |
| Density | | 528 | kg/m3 |
| Hardness | | 279 | kg |
| Impact Strength | 63 | 91 | cm |
| Maximum Crushing Strength | 274 | 488 | kg/cm2 |
| Shearing Strength | | 82 | kg/cm2 |
| Static Bending | 321 | 592 | kg/cm2 |
| Stiffness | 109 | 134 | 1000 kg/cm2 |
| Toughness | | 195 | cm-kg |
| Work to Maximum Load | 0.42 | 0.63 | cm-kg/cm3 |
| Specific Gravity | 0.43 | 0.47 | |
| Weight | 528 | 496 | kg/m3 |
| Radial Shrinkage | 4 | | % |
| Tangential Shrinkage | 7 | | % |
References
Alston, A.S.,1966,Natural Heartwood Durability,Fiji Forestry Department, Suva. Fiji timbers and their uses No. 2
Banks, C.H. and J.P. Schoeman. 1963. Railway Sleeper and Crossing Timbers. Bulletin No. 41, Republic of South Africa. The Government Printer, Pretoria, South Africa.
Betts, H.S.,1960,American Woods - Douglas Fir,USDA, Forest Service American Woods
Bolza, E.,1976,Timber and Health,Div. Building Res. C.S.I.R.O. Australia
Boone, R.S., C.J. Kozlik, P.J. Bois and E.M. Wengert. 1988. Dry Kiln Schedules for Commercial Woods: Temperate and Tropical. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, General Technical Report FPL-GTR-57, Madison, Wisconsin.
Brooks, R.L., et al,1941,Durability tests on Untreated Timbers in Trinidad,Caribbean Forester,2(3,pp101-119
Brown, H.P. and Panshin, A.J.,1940,Commercial Timbers of the United States Their structure, identification,,properties and uses,McGraw-Hill, London
Brown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World: - No.7 North America,TRADA
Brown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World, No. 6 Europe,TRADA, Red Booklet Series
Budgen, B.,1981,Shrinkage and density of some Australian and South-East Asian Timbers,C.S.I.R.O. Div. building Res. Tech Paper(2nd Series) No.38
Canadian Forestry Service. 1981. Canadian Woods - Their Properties and Uses. Third Edition. E.J. Mullins and T.S. McKnight, Editors. Published by University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Canada.
CAOBA. 1993. Personal Communication.
Clifford, N.,1957,Timber Identification for the Builder and Architect,Leonard Hill (Books) LTD. London
Dallimore, W. and Jackson, A. Bruce,1966,A Handbook of Coniferae and Ginkgoaceae Fourth Ed. Revised by S.G.,Harrison,Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd. London
Edlin, H.L. 1969. What Wood is That?: A Manual of Wood Identification. A Studio Book, The Viking Press, New York.
Findlay, W.P.K.,1975,Timber: Properties and Uses,Crosby Lockwood Staples London,224PP
Forest Products Research Laboratory U.K.,1957,A Handbook of Softwoods,Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Forest Products Research,HMSO
Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1937,A Handbook of Home-Grown Timbers,HMSO
Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1945,A Handbook of Empire Timbers,Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Forest Products Research
Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1957,Timbers for Flooring,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Bulletin, No.40
Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1967,The Steam Bending Properties of various timbers,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Leaflet,No.45
Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1969,The Movement of Timbers,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough Technical Note,No.38
Harrar, E.S.,1942,Some Physical Properties of Modern Cabinet Woods 3. Directional and Volume,Shrinkage,Tropical Woods,9(71, pp26-32
Howard, A.L.,1948,A Manual of Timbers of the World.,Macmillan & Co. Ltd. London 3rd ed.
I.U.F.R.O.,1973,Veneer Species of the World,Assembled at F.P.L. Madison on behalf of I.U.F.R.O. Working Party on,Slicing and Veneer Cutting
Jackson, A. and D. Day. 1991. Good Wood Handbook - The Woodworker's Guide to Identifying, Selecting and Using the Right Wood. Betterway Publications, Cincinnati, Ohio.
Kline, M. 1977. Pseudotsuga menziesii - Douglas-fir. In A Guide to Useful Woods of the World. Flynn Jr., J.H., Editor. King Philip Publishing Co., Portland, Maine. 1994. Page 293-294.
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